猪源嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的分离鉴定与生物学分析

从四川省某规模化养猪场病死猪肺脏分离得到1株嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌,分析其生物学特性,为临床鉴别诊断和治疗提供参考。观察分离株的染色特点、培养特性,并通过生化试验进行鉴定;测定分离株对小鼠的LD_(50)并进行药物敏感试验,以分析分离株的致病性与耐药性;测序分析分离株16S rRNA基因序列,构建系统进化发育树。结果表明:该分离株的16S rRNA基因序列与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的同源性为99%;在TSA琼脂培养基上培养18h后可长成灰白色、光滑的露珠样小菌落,在血琼脂上菌落周围呈现α溶血;对小鼠的致病性试验测得LD_(50)为6.62×10~7 cfu/只;药敏试验发现分离株对多粘菌素B较为敏感,对喹诺酮类、四环素类、头孢类、碳青酶烯类和氨基糖苷类药物均表现为耐药。经鉴定,分离株为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌,致病性较强,对多种药物耐药。该研究为该菌的临床诊断、选药治疗、疾病控制等奠定了基础。     

Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in bats: Molecular investigation in Southern Brazil

The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Brazilian bats and to determine possible risk factors associated to it. Ninety two bats of 12 species were evaluated. Whole genomic DNA from kidneys was extracted and real-time PCR specific to pathogenic Leptospira spp. was applied. Association between the frequency of specimens positive for Leptospira spp. and sex, age, bat species or family, season of collection, geographic localization and feeding habits was evaluated. The results showed that 39.13% of analyzed bats were found positive for Leptospira spp. Nine bat species had at least one positive result. There was no association among the evaluated variables and frequency of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Although the limitations due to lack of Leptospira spp. isolation, leptospiral carriage was demonstrated in bats of different species from southern Brazil, which reinforces the need for surveillance of infectious agents in wild animals.     

Classification of worldwide bovine tuberculosis risk factors in cattle: a stratified approach

The worldwide status of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) as a zoonosis remains of great concern. This article reviews the main risk factors for bTB in cattle based on a three-level classification: animal, herd and region/country level. A distinction is also made, whenever possible, between situations in developed and developing countries as the difference of context might have consequences in terms of risk of bTB. Recommendations are suggested to animal health professionals and scientists directly involved in the control and prevention of bTB in cattle. The determination of Millenium Development Goals for bTB is proposed to improve the control/eradication of the disease worldwide.     

Dogs are more permissive than cats or guinea pigs to experimental infection with a human isolate of Bartonella rochalimae

Bartonella rochalimae was first isolated from the blood of a human who traveled to Peru and was exposed to multiple insect bites. Foxes and dogs are likely natural reservoirs for this bacterium. We report the results of experimental inoculation of two dogs, five cats and six guinea pigs with the only human isolate of this new Bartonella species. Both dogs became bacteremic for 5–7 weeks, with a peak of 10³–10⁴ colony forming units (CFU)/mL blood. Three cats had low bacteremia levels (< 200 CFU/mL) of 6–8 weeks’ duration. One cat that remained seronegative had two bacterial colonies isolated at a single culture time point. A fifth cat never became bacteremic, but seroconverted. None of the guinea pigs became bacteremic, but five seroconverted. These results suggest that dogs could be a reservoir of this strain of B. rochalimae, in contrast to cats and guinea pigs.     

Emerging henipaviruses and flying foxes - Conservation and management perspectives

Wildlife populations are affected by a series of emerging diseases, some of which pose a significant threat to their conservation. They can also be reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health. In this paper, we review the ecology of two viruses that have caused significant disease in domestic animals and humans and are carried by wild fruit bats in Asia and Australia. The first, Hendra virus, has caused disease in horses and/or humans in Australia every five years since it first emerged in 1994. Nipah virus has caused a major outbreak of disease in pigs and humans in Malaysia in the late 1990s and has also caused human mortalities in Bangladesh annually since 2001. Increased knowledge of fruit bat population dynamics and disease ecology will help improve our understanding of processes driving the emergence of diseases from bats. For this, a transdisciplinary approach is required to develop appropriate host management strategies that both maximise the conservation of bat populations as well as minimise the risk of disease outbreaks in domestic animals and humans.     

基于家禽产业链视角分析广东珠三角地区H7N9禽流感传播途径

珠三角地区H7N9禽流感传播途径具有复杂性和特殊性。为进一步明确传播途径,基于家禽产业链视角,在H7N9禽流感最为严重的广州市、深圳市、佛山市,采用分层抽样法选取有代表性且能反映整体情况的养殖场、批发市场、屠宰场、农贸市场,调查H7N9禽流感的动物防疫和个人防护情况。结果显示:养殖场的生物安全隔离仍不完善,存在活禽接触候鸟感染禽流感的风险;批发市场和屠宰场防疫水平高,人感染风险较低;农贸市场的动物防疫条件和个人防护不充分,易扩散病毒;最有可能的传播途径是与候鸟接触后携带病毒的活禽,通过"养殖—批发—零售"产业链蔓延。该结论在明确"禽传人"、"活禽市场环境暴露"观点上深化了产业链各环节间的传播路径。因此,珠三角地区H7N9禽流感的防控重点要加强养殖环节的生物安全隔离,并做好零售环节中活禽与人之间的防控。     

动物与食物源病原菌的联系、健康影响及现状

生产人类蛋白食物的动物是许多食源性病原体的主要宿主,如弯曲杆菌、肠道沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌的和单核增生李斯特菌。本文综述了动物与食源性致病菌(如沙门氏菌、弯曲杆菌、志贺产毒素大肠杆菌)和单核细胞增生素的联系以及其影响和现状。这些致病菌将继续广泛的爆发和引起动物死亡,因为目前没有有效的干预措施将它们从动物和食品中消除。     

兽医科技进步与公共卫生

简述了兽医科技工作者在公共卫生方面的任务,首先要保证食品安全,减少食源性疾病的发生,其次是防治人兽共患病,以及兽医科技进步对开展经济动物人兽共患病研究的作用。