Protective system from medical needle-sticks part II: Evaluation of woven structures and bifid needles

We have shown in Part I [1] of this study that medical needle-stick injuries are causing serious health problems to healthcare personnel and other professionals that require the attention of healthcare and textile researchers to develop new protective systems. Responding to such need, a needle force measurement device that is capable of measuring dynamic forces experienced by medical needles during needle penetration through protective articles was developed and described in part I. This paper reports the results of evaluation of protective woven fabrics from high performance fibers and standard and bifid medical needles using the force measurement system. The woven fabrics varied in cover factor, number of layers, and orientation angle. Standard and bifid needles with different gap widths were used to evaluate the resistance of the fabric to needle penetration.     

Studies onFusarium wilt of potatoes. 1. Plant wilt and tuber infection in naturally infected fields

Summary Field surveys of 2600 plants during growth of the autumn crop and of 1700 plants of the spring crop showed that 6.5% and 4.0% respectively were attacked byFusarium wilt; on average, 40% of the tubers from wilted plants were infected. Similar results were obtained in an artificially infested field. Examination of 6105 planting positions in the field during growth of the autumn crop showed that 28.7% of seed tuber rots were caused byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.tuberosi, while in spring crop this percentage was much lower. The yield in an artificially inoculated field was reduced from 10 to 53% compared to controls, depending on the cultivar.

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Zusammenfassung In Felduntersuchungen wurden mitFusarium infizierte Pflanzen und Knollen nach dem Zufallsprinzip erfasst, und zwar an verschiedenen Orten in mehreren Feldern an jeweils mindestens 100 Pflanzstellen. Von den 2600 Pflanzen aus dem Herbstanbau und 1700 aus dem Frühjahrsanbau, waren 6,5% bzw. 4,0% von derFusarium-welke befallen (Tab. 5). Von 30 Pflanzen mit Welkesymptomen starben 6 vor dem Knollenansatz ab, die übrigen 24 hatten 119 Knollen, von denen 48 mitFusarium infiziert waren. Nach 3 Monaten waren von denselben Knollen noch 34% mitFusarium befallen (Tab. 6). Die Untersuchung des Knollenauflaufs an 6105 Pflanzstellen ergab im Herbst eine Auflaufrate von nur 81,7%. Von den restlichen 18,3% der nicht gekeimten Knollen wurden 29,7% nicht wiedergefunden, 23,3% hatten Nassf?ule und in nur 2,3% fauler Knollen wurdenRhizoctonia undSklerotium gefunden. 44,7% der F?ulen waren vonFusarium-Trockenf?ulen verursacht worden. Isolierungen von 106 dieser Knollen ergaben in 68 F?llen Befall mitFusarium oxysporum, das entspricht 5,2% von der gesamten Probe (Tab. 4). Die Ergebnisse aus dem Frühjahrsanbau waren ?hnlich, die Verluste jedoch viel geringer. In der experimentellen Arbeit wurden Knollen verschiedener Sorten aus Pflanzkartoffelgebieten verwendet sowie einF. oxysporum f.sp.tuberosi-Isolat von einer griechischen Kartoffelpflanze mit Welkesymptomen. Der Krankheitsindex erstreckte sich von 0,20 bis 1,07, so dass der mittlere Ertrag nicht reduziert war. Die neuen Knollen zeigten im Lager eine Gesamtinfektion mitFusarium von 5–42% (Tab. 7), was gut mit den Felduntersuchungen übereinstimmt. Die lineare Regression des Ertrages in Bezug auf den Krankheitsindex ergab eine Ertragsreduktion von 10 bis 53%.

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Résumé Au cours d'observations au champ réalisées dans différents endroits,Fusarium contamine les plantes et les tubercules dans pas moins de 100 cas par endroit. Un flétrissement provoqué parFusarium a été observé sur 2600 plantes en culture d'automne et sur 1700 plantes en culture de printemps, avec respectivement un taux de 6,5% et 4,0% (tabl. 5). Sur 30 plantes flétries, 6 sont détruites avant formation des tubercules. Les 24 plantes restantes produisent 119 tubercules dont 48 sont infectés parFusarium. Les mêmes tubercules, trois mois après, présentent 34% deFusarium (tabl. 6). L'examen de tubercules formés pendant l'automne dans 6105 endroits montre que 81,7% de tubercules ont germé et sur le reste non germé, 29,7% ont disparu, 23,3% sont pourris alors queRhizoctonia etSclerotium sont responsables de seulement 2,3% de tubercules pourris. Les 44,7% des tubercules restants sont atteints de pourritures sèches provoquées parFusarium. Les isolements réalisés à partir de 106 de ces tubercules metent en évidence la présence deF. oxysporum dans 68 cas ce qui représente 5,2% de l'ensemble des échantillons (tabl. 4). Les résultats concernant les cultures de printemps sont similaires mais les pertes sont plus faibles. Dans un travail expérimental sont utilisés des tubercules provenant de régions de production de différentes variétés de semences et un isolat deF. oxysporum f.sp.tuberosi provenant de plantes de pomme de terre flétries de Grèce. L'indice de maladie étant entre 0,20 et 1,07 ce qui ne réduit pas le rendement moyen. Les nouveaux tubercules stockés ont présenté un degré d'infection totale parFusarium de 5 à 42% (tabl. 7) ce qui est en complet accord avec les observations au champ. Une régression linéaire entre rendement et indice de la maladie montre des réductions de rendement de 10 à 53%.

     

Effect of fungicides on three vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary We studied the effects of field application rates of three fungicides on spore germination and root infection in three species of Glomus. Bavistin (carbendazim) prevented germination of spores of G. monosporum and G. mosseae whereas Calixin (tridemorph) had no effect. Tilt Turbo (propiconazole) inhibited spore germination less than Bavistin. Spores of G. geosporum germinated in the presence of all three fungicides. Foliar applications of Bavistin alone and in a triple-spray programme significantly reduced infection of all three Glomus species in wheat roots grown in conditions of low P availability (2 mg P 1^–1). Two fungicides with triazole derivatives, Sportak and Tilt Turbo, also decreased infection and the former significantly reduced spore production of all three Glomus species. Calixin-treated plants, however, showed increased infection levels, resulting in greater yields and greater foliar-P concentrations than control plants. Milgo (ethirimol) was not detrimental to the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis when applied as a foliar spray.     

Investigation and rapid detection of fungal pathogens causing mulberry sclerotial disease in south-west China

Mulberry sclerotial disease is a destructive disease that afflicts mulberry fruits throughout the world. In recent years, the impact of mulberry sclerotial disease has increased with the development of the mulberry fruit industry. Ciboria carunculoides, C. shiraiana, and Scleromitrula shiraiana are all pathogens causing mulberry sclerotial disease, but the dominant pathogen may be different in different mulberry planting areas. In this study, we investigated the causal agents of mulberry sclerotial disease in Chongqing and Sichuan, the main mulberry planting areas in south-west China. The results showed that C. carunculoides was the dominant pathogen in the investigated areas, and the disease incidence rate on some widely cultivated mulberry varieties exceeded 90%. Based on the differences in internal transcriber spacer sequences of different pathogens, we developed a method using cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) from digestion with the three restriction enzymes HindIII, EcoRI, and MluI for rapid detection of pathogens on mulberry fruits. Use of this method confirmed that the diseased fruits of some mulberry varieties were infected by a mixture of C. carunculoides and S. shiraiana. Long-fruit mulberry, which was considered to be resistant to sclerotial disease in the past, was also infected by C. carunculoides. Diseased fruit infected by C. shiraiana or by S. shiraiana alone were not detected. Our results suggest that C. carunculoides is probably the dominant pathogen causing mulberry sclerotial disease in south-west China. The CAPS method for rapid detection of pathogens could assist diagnosis, epidemiology, and disease monitoring.     

栗疫病菌侵染板栗枝条的显微观察

栗疫病是一种严重危害栗属植物的病害。为了明确栗疫病菌侵染板栗枝条的过程及侵染的关键时间点,本研究利用病理组织切片技术、显微镜和扫描电镜技术对栗疫病菌侵染板栗枝条的过程进行了观察。结果表明:接种栗疫病菌后0～5 h,菌丝先降解枝条表皮,进行横向营养生长的同时沿着伤口纵向侵染,为进入皮层做准备;接种后6 h病菌开始在表皮定殖,并侵入皮层;接种后9 h在皮层可观察到侵染性菌丝沿着细胞间隙向相邻细胞延伸;接种后12 h栗疫病菌侵入韧皮部,在皮层的侵染面积扩大。随着侵染程度加深,皮层、韧皮部等处细胞被菌丝降解,最终在形成层附近聚集。接菌后9 h为栗疫病菌侵染板栗枝条的关键时间点。     

RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO SEVERAL MYCORRHIZAL INOCULUMS IN TERMS OF PLANT GROWTH,NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND SPORE PRODUCTION

A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the University of Çukurova, Rhisosphere Lab, Adana, Turkey, on a growth medium to assess the impact of several selected mycorrhiza including indigenous AMF-maize hybrid combinations on spore production, plant growth and nutrient uptake. In the experiment, six maize (Zea mays L.) (Luce, Vero, Darva, Pegasso, P.3394, and P.32K61) genotypes were used. Control, Glomus mossea, G. caledonium, G. etunicatum, G. clarium, G. macrocarpum, G. fasciculatum, G. intraradices, Dr. Kinkon (Japanese species), indigenous mycorrhizae (Balcal? series) and cocktail mycorrhizae species spores were used. The growth of maize genotypes was found to depend on the mycorrhizal species. For shoot and root dry weight production G. intraradices is one of the most efficient mycorrhiza species on average on all maize genotypes. Genotypes P.3394 and P.32K61 produced the highest shoot and root dry weight as well. Pagasso and Darva genotypes compared to the other genotypes have high root colonization percentages. On average G. clarium inoculated plants also have high percentages of root colonization. It has been found that the P.32K61 genotype has a high phosphorus (P)% content and Pagasso genotypes have higher zinc (Zn) content uptake than other genotypes. G. clarium inoculated maize genotype plant tissues have high P% and Zn content. G. intraradices is also efficient for P and Zn uptake. Mycorrhizal dependent maize genotypes showed variability in P efficiency from inefficient to efficient genotypes.     

Cryptosporidium hominis Subtypes and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in HIV‐Infected Persons in Ibadan,Nigeria

Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon are common opportunistic pathogens in HIV+ patients in developing countries, especially those do not have access to antiretroviral therapy. To determine the distribution of genotypes/subtypes of Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, faecal specimens were collected from 132 HIV+ persons attending a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. By polymerase chain reaction, eight and ten patients were identified as positive for Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi, respectively. Seven of the Cryptosporidium specimens were identified as C. hominis, while the remaining one as the new species C. viatorum recently identified in the United Kingdom. DNA sequencing of the 60‐kDa glycoprotein gene showed that the C. hominis belonged to three common subtype families: Ia (in three patients), Ib (in one patient) and Ie (in one patient). In contrast, DNA sequencing of the E. bieneusi internal transcribed spacer products showed the occurrence of genotypes associated with both humans (Peru 8 in one patient, Nig2 in two patients and a new genotype in one patient) and animals (D in one patient and Type IV in five patients). Low CD4+ cell count was identified as a risk factor for both cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis.     

白斑综合症病毒（WSSV）对中国对虾卵及各期幼体人工感染的试验研究

用感染白斑综合症毒病的中国对虾头胸甲，对健康的仔虾进行了人工投喂感染实验，同时从病虾中分离出病毒悬液作为毒种，无节幼体，蚤体 幼体和糠虾体进行不同温度条件下的人工浸浴实验，结果表明，卵和无节幼体，蚤状幼体，糠虾幼对病毒悬液不敏感,闰理切片观察未见病毒粒子，光镜病理切片可观空到鳃上皮，前肠上皮有包涵体样病变，同时在肝胰组织中发现了肝胰腺细小病毒（HPV）包涵体。     

中国对虾病毒性疾病的防治对策

简述了中国对虾暴发性病毒病的病原、症状、传播途径及暴发成因，提出了防治对策，即采取１０项措施切断病原传播途径，采取５种模式改善生态环境，抓好５项改革提高生态效益。     

猪瘟与仔猪副伤寒混合感染的诊断与防制

进行流行病学调查,结合临床症状,剖检变化和实验室检查结果,青海省尖扎县538头死亡仔猪诊断为猪瘟和仔猪副伤寒混合感染,并对此提出了相应的防治对策。