Lymphoid leukosis viruses,their recognition as ‘persistent’ viruses and comparisons with certain other retroviruses of veterinary importance

Diseases caused by lymphoid leukosis virus (LLV), a retrovirus, take a long time after infection to develop and have a wide variety of pathological manifestations. This long latent period is characteristic of persistent virus infections. Disease produced by LLV infection and its underlying mechanisms is compared with persistent infections caused by other retroviruses in birds and mammals of veterinary importance. The diseases considered for comparison are those caused by reticuloendotheliosis, feline leukaemia, bovine leukosis and equine infectious anaemia viruses. There are significant changes in the immunological status in all diseases caused by these viruses. LLV infections follow this trend with, in manifestations of neoplastic disease, a perturbation of the normal switch that occurs from IgM to IgG synthesis. There are also indications of other immunological disturbances.Factors other than immunological disturbances may contribute to the length of time after infection required for the many forms of LLV infection to appear. Such additional factors may include the operation of biological clocks, such as the arrival of sexual maturity, and also the very nature of retroviruses. These factors, like the immunological changes, play major roles in the maintenance and progression of persistent retrovirus infections.Abbreviations ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone - AEV avian erythroblastosis virus - AMV avian myeloblastosis virus - BLV bovine leukaemia virus - CAV chicken anaemia virus - EBL enzootic bovine leukaemia - EIAV equine infectious anaemia virus - env envelope gene - FeLV feline leukaemia virus - FeSV feline sarcoma virus - FOCMA feline oncovirus membrane-associated antigen; gag, group antigen gene - HTLV human T-cell leukaemia virus - LLV lymphoid leukosis virus - L/S leukosis/sarcoma - LTR long terminal repeat - MAV myeloblastosis-associated virus - MDV Marek disease virus - MuLV mouse leukaemia virus - ORF open reading frame; pol, polymerase gene - REV reticuloendotheliosis virus - RIF resistance-inducing factor - RSV Rous sarcoma virus     

Preliminary results of using in vitro axillary and adventitious buds in mutation breeding of Chinese gooseberry

Summary Aseptically cultured shoots of Chinese gooseberry exhibited growth disorder and morphological aberrances, and some died after being exposed to sufficient gamma-ray irradiation. The death rate was dose dependant and the LD₅₀ was 80–90 Gy and 50–60 Gy respectively for cv. Hayward and clone 4. All petiole explants irradiated with gamma-ray could form calli as the control, but the rate of differentiation of adventitious shoots of the petiole explants decreased and was dependant on dose. Sensitivity of the shoot or petiole explants to gamma-ray irradiation varied with species. Gamma-ray irradiation did not deter either the 2-node segments from producing axillary shoots M₁, M₂, and M₃ or the advantitious shoots originating in the petiole explants and the M₃ shoots from forming advantitious roots. Therefore, using aseptically cultured axillary or adventitious buds for mutation breeding of Chinese gooseberry is feasible. A bacterium surviving in the explants lessened the efficiency of these two in vitro techniques in mutation breeding of Chinese gooseberry.Abbreviations IAA 3-indole acetic acid - IBA -indole butyric acid - MS Murashige & Skoog (1962)     

利用芥蓝×青花菜DH群体构建AFLP连锁图谱

 利用青花菜(Brassica oleracea var. italica) 与芥蓝(Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) 杂交后代双单倍体(DH) 群体为材料, 通过AFLP技术构建了一个甘蓝类作物较高密度的遗传连锁图谱。该图谱包括9个主要连锁群及2个小连锁群, 总图距801.5 cM, 含337个AFLP标记, 标记间平均距离为3.6 cM,为甘蓝类作物基因定位、比较基因组学及重要经济性状QTL分析提供了一个框架图谱。     

利用大白菜DH群体构建AFLP遗传连锁图谱

 以大白菜‘汴早- 26’和‘光90E16’的F₁ 代进行游离小孢子培养所获得的含有59个株系的DH群体为试材, 利用AFLP技术通过63对引物筛选共获得346个AFLP多态性标记, 运用JoinMap 3.0软件构建大白菜遗传连锁图谱。该图谱主要包括10个连锁群, 总图距为708 cM, 平均图距为2.0 cM。     

枣胚培技术体系的建立

 以‘六月鲜’枣为试材, 对花后12～82 d的幼胚进行培养。结果表明, 适宜于胚挽救的最小胚龄为花后50 d左右; 在胚形成前进行离体培养, 蔗糖浓度以7%为宜, 而胚形成后离体培养以5%蔗糖为宜; 暗培养可促进离体胚的生长发育, 且有利于生根; 植物生长调节剂及有机添加物极显著地影响着胚培效果。花后70～72 d胚龄的胚适宜培养基为1 /2MS + IBA 0.4 (mg/L, 单位下同) +BA 0.8 +LH 500 + GA₃5 + 5%蔗糖。胚培苗经扩繁后转入1 /2 MS + IBA 1.0 + IAA 0.06 + 2%蔗糖培养基上, 获得了健壮生根苗,生根苗移栽成活率达85%以上。     

大白菜不同品种对硝酸盐积累差异的研究

 将17个大白菜品种在高浓度氮素水平下营养液栽培, 分析各品种不同时期硝酸盐含量, 发现不同品种之间硝酸盐含量差异达到极显著, 最高和最低者相差两倍以上。硝酸还原酶的活性同硝酸盐含量相关性达到显著负相关, 但是也有硝酸盐含量低, 同时硝酸还原酶活性也低的品种, 通过分析认为可以通过育种途径培育出硝酸盐低积累量的品种。     

Growth performance, energy, and nitrogen balance of weanling pigs fed a cereal-based diet supplemented with Chinese rhubarb

Forty Swiss Large White piglets of 4 weeks of age were used to determine the effect of dietary Chinese rhubarb on growth performance, as well as on energy and nitrogen metabolism by means of indirect respiration calorimetry studies. A cereal-based diet, supplemented with four different dosages of Chinese rhubarb (0.0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%), was offered ad libitum to the piglets. Gaseous exchange was measured, and urine, faeces, and blood samples were taken. The addition of 0.25% dietary rhubarb increased feed intake (+32%) and daily weight gain (+67%) compared to the diet containing the greatest amount of rhubarb (1%). The piglets fed diet supplemented with 0.25% rhubarb digested and metabolised more energy and nitrogen relative to the animals of treatment 1%. As a consequence, the same group (0.25%) converted more energy and nitrogen into body protein than piglets receiving diet supplemented with 1% rhubarb. However, compared to the control group, the addition of 0.25% rhubarb to the diet resulted in not significantly alter growth performance, energy, and nitrogen metabolism of the animals.Blood parameters were not affected by the rhubarb supplementation. The dose-responding effect of Chinese rhubarb was reflected by the dry matter content of faecal samples. According to the laxative effect of higher doses of rhubarb, the addition of 1% rhubarb to the diet reduced dry matter content of faeces. This effect was well visible in practice, although not relevant in statistical terms. The addition of 0.5% dietary rhubarb had no relevant effect on growth performance or on energy and nitrogen metabolism of treated animals.     

以白菜为例的转基因植物环境安全性评价研究

以转除草剂抗性基因的白菜为例,通过对具体事实的展现和分析,介绍了关于转基因植物环境安全性评价的方法,以及目前国际上关于转基因作物的一些比较一致的结论。针对我国的农业生态环境,结合试验结果,讨论了获得的转基因白菜的环境安全性。