不同水分与养分水平对玉米叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过对玉米拔节期叶片叶绿素荧光参数的测定，发现这些参数均受诸如水分、光热、养分等外界条件的影响。水分对叶绿素荧光参数的影响非常显著，随着水分的降低，玉米叶片的基础荧光增大，而可变荧光、PSⅡ光化学效率及PSⅡ潜在活性显著降低，因此，只要选择合适的测定时间，加快测定速度，叶绿素荧光可作为研究判断玉米水分胁迫程度的理想指标。     

高温胁迫下甜瓜生理生态特性研究

对比试验研究生殖生长期甜瓜的高温胁迫指标及其生理原因表明,≥40℃的高温对处于生殖生长期的甜瓜有伤害,花粉活性下降的温度明显低干叶片活性下降时的温度,叶片细胞膜受损的温度为≥50℃,叶绿素下降的温度为≥41℃.对花粉活性影响的温度为≥31℃;≥52℃、对甜瓜的营养器官和生殖器官均有极显著破坏作用。随着高温时间的延长,甜瓜叶片电导率增加、叶绿素含量及花粉活力下降。高温处理3d的中部、下部叶片电导率比对照增加70％以上,叶片叶绿素含量比对照降低20％以上。用I-KI染色法测定高温处理3d的花粉样品优良率仅有20％,比对照少1/2以上。     

La(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆叶绿素合成与降解影响的机理

采用水培实验方法研究了稀土元素La(Ⅲ)对紫外辐射(UV-B:0.15Wm-2,0.45Wm-2)胁迫下大豆(Glycine max)幼苗的δ-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)、胆色素原(PBG)、原叶绿素(酸)(Pchl)、原卟啉IX(Proto-IX)、镁原卟啉(Mg-Proto)等5种叶绿素(Chl)合成中间产物含量及Chl降解关键酶-叶绿素酶(Chlase)活性的影响,从叶绿素的生物合成及降解角度诠释La(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗叶绿素含量影响的机理。实验结果表明:La(Ⅲ)具有提高叶绿素生物合成中间产物——ALA(δ-氨基乙酰丙酸)、PBG(胆色素原)、Proto-IX(原卟啉IX)、Mg-Proto(镁原卟啉)含量的作用,促进Pchl(原叶绿素)转化为叶绿素,进而缓解UV-B辐射胁迫下中间产物PBG、Proto-IX和Mg-Proto的形成,使叶绿素的生物合成受阻,受阻位点为ALA→PBG。     

Seasonal patterns of photochemical capacity and spring phenology reveal genetic differentiation among native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations in Scotland

Environment-driven genetic differentiation among populations is a common feature among forest trees, and an understanding of how populations have adapted to their home site conditions is essential for management and conservation practices. In Scotland, 84 native Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) woodlands are recognised by the Forestry Commission and they occupy highly diverse environments from the maritime west coast to continental sites in eastern Scotland. However, it is not known whether adaptations to local environments along sharp temperature and rainfall gradients have occurred in different populations and as a result, the seed transfer guidelines of the species are based only on data from isozymes and monoterpenes. In this study of an outdoor common-garden trial, we used chlorophyll fluorescence to examine whether seedlings from 32 open-pollinated families and eight populations from sites experiencing contrasting annual temperature regimes differed in their response to variation in natural outdoor temperatures between September 2009 and May 2010. In addition, growth initiation in spring was recorded. Photochemical capacity at photosystem II F_v/F_m showed a distinct seasonal trend and remained at relatively high levels (∼0.7) until November. Following a period of over 2 weeks with temperatures below or close to 0 °C, F_v/F_m started decreasing towards its minimum values recorded in early March when population means varied between 0.35 and 0.45. By early May and along with rising temperatures, photochemical capacity had recovered to the same level as observed in early November. Populations were found to respond differently to the cold period starting in December. The largest drop in photochemical capacity was observed in seedlings from a low-altitude population located in the maritime western Scotland, while in seedlings from higher-altitude locations in the cooler eastern Scotland, the response was smaller. In March, the recovery of photochemical capacity was slowest in seedlings from the mildest and coolest sites. Evidence of adaptive genetic differentiation was also found in spring phenology. Initiation of shoot elongation and needle flush were earlier in families from higher altitudes (cooler areas), but population differences were not significant at the α = 0.05 level. These results suggest that adaptation to the spatially heterogeneous environment in Scotland has taken place in Scots pine and that in order to minimise the risk of planting maladapted seed stock, the patterns of environmental and adaptive genetic variation should be taken into account in the management of genetic resources in this species.     

Combined effects of best management practices on water quality in oxbow lakes from agricultural watersheds

Water quality conditions in three oxbow lakes were examined before and after best management practices (BMPs) implementation within the Mississippi Delta. Experimental design called for the development of structural and cultural treatments to reduce sediment and associated pollutants entering watershed oxbow lakes. Three watersheds were selected and developed with different levels of BMPs. Changes in lake water quality were used as measures of management success. Analyses of water quality data prior to the implementation of BMPs suggested the lakes were stressed and ecologically damaged due to excessive sediment inflow. Significant improvements in water quality were observed with the use of cultural and structural BMPs. Sediments decreased 34–59%, while Secchi visibility and chlorophyll generally increased. The most dramatic improvements in water quality occurred in the two watersheds that featured cultural practices and combinations of cultural and structural practices. Reducing suspended sediment concentrations in these oxbow lakes favored phytoplankton production resulting in increased chlorophyll concentrations and higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Cultural BMPs, more so than structural BMPs, play a vital role in improving lake water quality, and are needed in addition to structural measures to ensure improved water quality in oxbow lakes receiving agricultural runoff.     

水分胁迫下李树叶绿素荧光动力学特性研究

水分胁迫引起李树叶片叶绿素含量(CHL)、相对含水量(LRWC)下降,叶绿素荧光参数Fo升高,Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Fm/Fo和Fo与Fm曲线之间面积降低,表明水分胁迫影响了光系统Ⅱ光化学效率、潜在活性、捕获激发能的效率、光合电子的传递以及电子受体库的大小,从而导致光合速率下降。3个供试品种中以“索瑞斯”受影响最小,“秋姬”居中,“安哥洛”最大,说明“索瑞斯”抗旱性最强。     

Effect of iron deficiency on the growth,development and grain yield of some selected upland rice genotypes in the rainforest

Abstract

Iron deficiency is a major production constraint of upland rice in the tropics despite is abundance in the soil. This investigation aimed to explicate the effect of iron deficiency on the growth, development, grain yield and its attributes of some selected upland rice in the rainforest. Field experiments were established at Africa Rice sub-Station, Ibadan, Nigeria. The treatments consisted of 35 upland rice genotypes and availability of iron in the soil (Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient). The treatments were arranged in alpha lattice design with three replications. It was observed that upland rice sown in iron (Fe) deficient soils had significantly lower growth (plant height, number of tillers and seedling vigor), flowered later, with significantly lower yield attributes (1000 grain weight, filled grain) and grain yield than those sown in Fe-sufficient soils. Conversely, the number of unfilled grains were significantly higher in upland rice sown in Fe-deficient than those in sufficient soils. Percentage yield loss was in the range 98.00% to 22.95% for China best and Faro 65 respectively. Genotypes were identified to be tolerant (Faro 65, NERICA 3 and IRAT 109) and susceptible (Ofada 2, NERICA 5 and China Best) to Fe-deficiency based on their percentage grain yield loss. These evidences suggested that despite the increased phenology of upland rice sown in Fe-deficient soils their reproductive growth was suppressed through increased number of unfilled grains as witnessed in China Best and Faro 64.     

Spatial modelling of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by a boreal mixedwood forest using a lidar–hyperspectral approach

The spatial variability of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (fPAR) was characterized for a heterogeneous boreal mixedwood forest site located in northern Ontario, Canada, based on relationships found between fPAR and light detection and ranging (lidar) data over different canopy architectures. Estimates of fPAR were derived from radiation measurements made above the canopy at a flux tower and below-canopy radiation was measured across a range of species compositions and canopy architectures. Airborne lidar data were used to characterize spatial variability of canopy structure around the flux tower and a map of mean canopy chlorophyll concentration was derived from airborne hyperspectral imagery. Different volumes of lidar points for the locations directly above each photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) sensor were examined to determine if there is an optimal method of relating lidar returns to estimated fPAR values.The strongest correlations between mean lidar height and fPAR occurred when using points that fell within a theoretical cone which originated at the PAR sensor having a solid angle α = 55°. For diffuse conditions, the correlation (r) between mean lidar height versus fPAR × chlorophyll was stronger than between mean lidar height versus fPAR by 8% for mean daily fPAR and from 10 to 20% for diurnal fPAR, depending on solar zenith angle. For direct light conditions, the relationship was improved by 12% for mean daily fPAR and 12–41% for diurnal relationships.Linear regression models of mean daily fPAR × chlorophyll versus mean lidar height were used in conjunction with gridded lidar data and the canopy chlorophyll map to generate maps of mean daily fPAR for direct and diffuse sunlight conditions. Site average fPAR calculated from these maps was 0.79 for direct light conditions and 0.78 for diffuse conditions. When compared to point estimates of mean daily fPAR calculated on the tower, the average fPAR was significantly lower than the point estimate. Subtracting the direct sunlight fPAR map from the diffuse sunlight fPAR map revealed a distinct spatial pattern showing that areas with open canopies and relatively low chlorophyll (e.g., black spruce patches) have a higher fPAR under direct sunlight conditions, while closed canopies with higher chlorophyll (e.g., deciduous species) absorb more PAR under diffuse conditions. These findings have implications for scaling from point measurements at flux towers to larger resolution satellite imagery and addressing local scale heterogeneity in flux tower footprints.     

Fruit maturity affects the response of apples to heat stress

Quality changes of apple fruit at different maturity stages in response to heat stress were investigated. ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Cortland’ apples at immature (pre-climacteric), commercial harvest maturity (CHM) and post climacteric maturity (PCM, CHM plus 4 weeks) were harvested and held at 46 °C for 0, 4, 8, or 12 h. Following treatments, fruits were stored in air at 0 °C and evaluated after 0, 1, 2, or 3 months. Quality indices including peel and flesh browning, firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids, chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), and ethanol production were measured. Results indicated that different cultivars and maturities affected the fruit's resistance to heat stress. ‘Jonagold’ was more resistant to heat stress than ‘Cortland’. Fruit at PCM were most sensitive to heat stress, followed by fruits at CHM and immature stages. When ‘Jonagold’ apples at immature and CHM stages were held at 46 °C for 12 h and then stored for 3 months, flesh browning ratings were negligible compared with 1.4 or 2.9, respectively in ‘Cortland’. Flesh browning rating increased to 1.4 or 4.5 in PCM ‘Jonagold’ held at 46 °C for 8 or 12 h and then stored for 3 months while it was 4.9 or 5.0, respectively, in ‘Cortland’. Heat treatment-induced flesh injury was associated with a decrease in CF. After fruit were exposure to 46 °C for 12 h and then stored for 3 months, Fv/Fm was reduced by 13%, 30%, and 55% in ‘Jonagold’ at immature maturity, CHM and PCM, respectively, while it was reduced by 51%, 58% and 75%, respectively, in ‘Cortland’. Heat stress also caused a decrease in fruit titratable acidity, but had no effect on soluble solids contents. The 8 or 12 h heat treatment resulted in an increase in ethanol production, which was greatest in PCM apples.     

水稻苗期干物重和叶绿素含量的遗传分析

通过对由杂交稻0201衍生的F7代重组自交系群体(RIL)进行苗期干物重和叶绿素含量的调查,并采用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分离分析法,研究该群体干物重和叶绿素含量基因的遗传规律.结果表明,这2个性状均受2对主基因+多基因共同控制,且都以主基因遗传为主.控制干物重性状2对独立的主基因间表现为隐性上位,控制叶绿素含量性状的2对连锁主基因间是显性上位性作用,重组率为0.488 4.