黄河上游重大生态功能区草地逆型演替植物多样性变化研究

基于5个样地、90个样方的野外调查资料,研究了玛曲县不同退化程度草地群落植物多样性和地上生物量变化情况。结果表明：多样性指数与丰富度指数、均匀度指数及地上生物量有显著线性关系,而与优势度指数呈显著负相关。原生地带性群落以及演替早期类群多样性、均匀度、盖度及地上总生物量最高,在极度退化阶段,地上总生物量最低,优势度指数最大,随着退化程度加剧,草地群落的盖度、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数均下降,毒杂草、莎草增多,禾草急剧下降,最终导致草地初级生产力的降低。     

柠条不同种植密度对植物群落稳定性影响的研究

针对毛乌素沙地柠条不同种植密度对植物群落稳定性的影响,选择不同种植密度和自然恢复地进行研究对比,结果表明:自然恢复地以狗尾草、虫实、猪毛菜为主要优势种,建植柠条后,种植密度为1660丛/公顷的带间草本植物的重要值发生了很大的变化。多年生的植物种草木樨状黄芪、白草开始侵入并逐步成为优势种。种植密度为2490丛/公顷的带间草本植物则逐步演替为白草、沙蒿为主的植物群落。群落的植被盖度则以2490丛/公顷、1660丛/公顷的较高,分别达到了86.17%、80.33%,3330丛/公顷最低为64.17%,比自然恢复地低13.28%。通过对种植不同密度柠条林各样地群落种百分数与累积相对频度比值的计算,发现种植密度为2490丛/公顷、1660丛/公顷样地群落种百分数与累积相对频度比值最接近20/80的稳定点。可以看出随着柠条带间距的增加柠条带内的植物群落更加趋于稳定。     

额济纳盆地植物地下微生境深度范围的确定——土壤酶指示法

地下微生境位置的确定对于干旱区植被生态系统的恢复具有重要意义,但目前尚没有准确、简单可行的确定方法.应用额济纳盆地的野外调查与室内实验数据,分析了3类植物群落结构(草本 灌木组合、灌木 乔木组合及草本 灌木 乔木组合)中的土壤过氧化氢酶活性曲线.结果发现:过氧化氢酶活性曲线的各峰值区与植物群落中各生活型植物的根群位置对应,而已有研究指出植物的根群位置正与植物的地下微生境位置对应.因此,可以通过分析过氧化氢酶活性曲线来确定植物地下微生境的空间位置.     

中国自然保护区基于社区的生态旅游发展研究

本文引入了国外基于社区的生态旅游这一新发展理念。然后分析了基于社区的生态旅游发展对我国自然保护区的意义。本文认为社区参与是自然保护区保护与发展的新范式,社区参与是自然保护区保护与发展的必然选择;从社区的角度来看,笔者认为基于社区的生态旅游有利于增强保护区社区的自我发展能力,促进旅游社区的可持续发展;基于社区的生态旅游是生态旅游的高级阶段。在基于社区的生态旅游利益主体分析的基础上,对中国基于社区的自然保护区生态旅游发展现状进行了深入研究,探讨社区参与能力的原因。最后,提出了提高社区参与能力,促进保护区生态旅游发展的几点建议。     

内蒙古典型草原区植被动态与植被恢复——以锡林郭勒盟典型草原区为例

内蒙古草原植被是一个极脆弱的生态系统,易受干旱等自然灾害影响。自1999年以来,全区大部分地区连续三年干旱和虫害(蝗灾),造成严重的草原退化和沙化。2002年后,内蒙古天然植被整体上有不同程度好转,草原生态环境有所改善。本文以锡林郭勒1999至2004年MODIS和TM影象数据和地面样点数据为依据,从宏观和微观两方面揭示了锡林郭勒草地植被动态规律和变化趋势,并系统分析了草地植被发生的变化原因、驱动因素和机理,阐明了锡林郭勒盟典型区草地所面临的问题,以期为我区草原植被恢复应采取的对策和措施提供依据。     

黄土坡面土壤性质随退耕时间的动态变化研究

退耕还林还草是控制水土流失和防治土壤退化的关键措施,黄土高原退耕还林还草从试验到推广已有几十年历史。该文通过对黄土高原地区退耕区的实地调查,测定不同地区不同退耕年限植被恢复区表层土壤的理化性质,分析黄土坡面土壤理化性质随退耕时间的动态变化规律。结果表明:随着退耕植被恢复时间的增长,土壤物理结构将日趋改善,土壤养分含量水平将逐渐的提高,并主要集中在植被恢复10~20年期间,20年后,尤其是30年后,土壤理化性质较为稳定,而且,植被维护的好坏往往影响其稳定性。同时,水热条件较好的安塞地区土壤理化性质随退耕时间的改善程度更明显,而水热条件较差的皇甫川流域土壤理化性质随植被类型和植被恢复程度的影响更为显著。结果可为退耕的环境影响评价预测以及土地利用的调控提供科学依据。     

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Exergy as an ecological application used in the recovery process of benthic communities

Exergy, the thermodynamic function that represents the distance of an open system from equilibrium, is proposed as an ecological indicator for summarizing the complex dynamics occurring in a disturbed community during its recovery processes. These complex dynamics can be difficult to capture by using classical indices. In this study, we sampled macrobenthos using the BACI scheme (before versus after; control versus impact) in tidal wetlands of west Chongming Island, China, an area that has been disturbed by ecological engineering measures. Exergy storage is estimated for benthic communities. The control area is proposed as dynamic reference for estimating local exergy storage of the benthic community. Three different methods were used for estimating exergy on the basis of coefficients: (a) taken for taxa groups; (b) estimated from coding genes given for broad taxonomic groups; and (c) estimated from genome size taken as close as possible to the taxonomic level of the species, providing a basis for inferring similarities. We found a decrease of local exergy content in the disturbed area 9 days after the disturbance. Subsequently, the reference exergy of the benthic community increased (i.e. in the surrounding control area) in accordance with the proposed hypothesis regarding the dynamics of exergy storage during a system's development. Estimates of local exergy arrived at using the three methods provided comparable results. Based on this, we then discuss the feasibility of using the more readily available genome size data for estimating exergy. This result may have important implications for broader application of this indicator to biological systems. Moreover, the adjacent control samples seem to represent an appropriate dynamic reference for estimating the local exergy of disturbed communities. We found that exergy was a useful indicator that integrates the processes underlying the recovery of the benthic community after disturbance.     

Do coarse resolution U.S. presettlement land survey records adequately represent the spatial pattern of individual tree species?

Presettlement land survey records (PLSRs) are a valuable and unique source of information for the reconstruction of presettlement forest patterns. The purpose of this study was to determine whether coarsely resolved PLSRs are adequate to characterize the spatial patterns of individual tree species over large areas. The General Land Office Survey records of the PLSRs of Minnesota were used and species selected in the analysis were based on their abundances and degrees of clustering. A geostatistical procedure was developed to analyze observations of bearing-tree point-locations, at progressively coarser resolutions from 1×1 mile to 24×24 miles, to create spatially continuous probability surfaces of species occurrences across the landscape. Statistical and visual analyses of the geostatistical predictions indicated that coarsely resolved PLSRs, as coarse as 24×24 miles, can adequately represent the spatial pattern of individual species over large areas. Mean errors in predictions increased as more coarsely resolved data were used, primarily in response to the decreased abundance of a species and minorly in response to the degree of spatial clustering of a species. The results indicate that coarsely resolved township-level data of 6×6 miles can be used for presettlement vegetation reconstruction of large areas of several counties.     

新疆北屯绿洲弃耕农田的植被变化特征

在北屯绿洲选择了3组不同年限的次生盐渍化弃耕农田,分别计算了样地内每种植物的重要值,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数测定了生物多样性.结果表明:3组群落组成存在显著差异,优势种更替明显.3组群落构成依次为,一年生草本、一年生草本 多年生小半灌木、多年生草本 灌木.物种多样性表现为2年群落＞5年群落＞13年群落;群落均匀度表现为2年群落＞5年群落,而5年与13年群落相当,但是生态优势度却表现出与物种多样性相反的趋势,即2年群落＜5年群落＜13年群落.