Genetic structure and genetic relatedness of a hatchery stock of Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) inferred by microsatellites

Solea senegalensis is a fish species in an early stage of domestication. A commercial hatchery in southern Spain experienced a dramatic failure in spawning and embryo survival, after incorporation into the broodstock of fish reared in their hatchery. To assess the impact of management on the stock quality, a population genetics study was made of adult broodstock present at this hatchery in 2000. The broodstock was composed of a group of fish of wild origin and two more groups from F₁ progeny. A set of eight microsatellite loci was used to compare genetic variability among the three groups and to establish the relationships between pairs of individuals within each group.Individuals from F₁ origin showed a substantial reduction in genetic variability when compared to those from the wild. There was a greater than 50% decrease in the number of alleles per locus corrected by sample size and 16% and 26% reductions in H_e values in the two F₁ groups, respectively. The degree of genetic relationship between individuals, evaluated by the relatedness estimator, rxy, and by graphical approaches, revealed a high proportion, almost 75%, of full-sibs and half-sibs in both F₁ groups, which might account for the reduction in overall variability. The high proportion of siblings also suggests a reproductive pattern in this stock in which few individuals breed successfully. This mating behaviour, along with factors inherent to selection and management systems, might be responsible for the negative effects on the reproductive capacity of the stock.     

Models for comparing average first-year growth in length of freshwater fish

Abstract  Logistic curves of the average growth in length were elaborated for young-of-the-year perch, Perca fluviatilis L., zander. Stizostedion lucioperca (L.), ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernua (L.), bream, Abramis brama (L.), and roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), using data from 62 localities. Mean relative deviation from this average growth (MRDAG) is proposed as a simple and reliable indicator of growth rate. The MRDAG for perch, zander, bream and roach showed a significant negative linear relationship with the geographical latitude.     

生育后期湿涝胁迫对不同种植方式花生产量性状及品质的影响

本文采用模拟人工淹水逆境的试验方法,研究花生生育后期,湿涝胁迫对不同种植方式下花生产量、品质的影响。结果表明:湿涝胁迫可使花生的百果重、百仁重、饱果率、出仁率、单株生产力、单株结果数和产量明显降低,籽仁脂肪和油酸含量有所降低,蛋白和亚油酸含量有所提高。湿涝胁迫对花生产量及品质的影响程度:结荚期胁迫危害大于成熟期,平作种植危害大于起垄种植。     

不同植物配置模式对人工边坡减流减沙效益的影响

[目的] 探讨不同植物模式（混草、花草、灌草、乔草）及配置比例对生产建设项目人工边坡水土流失的影响,为人工边坡植被恢复提供参考。[方法] 采用径流小区定位观测法,记录2019年1—12月自然降雨,研究4种植物模式的产流产沙特点,揭示4种植物模式的减流减沙效益。[结果] ①观测期内总降雨量为1 052.73 mm,总降雨历时为845.1 h,7月降雨量最大,2月降雨历时最长,降雨集中在1—7月,以中雨、大雨、暴雨为主。②每场降雨产流差异大,产流月季差异大,集中在2—4月及7月,多发生在中雨、大雨和暴雨情况。③每场降雨及月、季降雨之间产沙差异大,3月产沙最大,产沙集中在2—4月及7月,多发生中雨、大雨和暴雨。④以花草模式为对照,每场降雨条件下灌草模式的减流率最大,乔草模式的减沙率最大,月降雨累计条件下,混草模式减流率最大,乔草模式减沙率最大,不同降雨等级累积和全年累积条件下,乔草模式的减流减沙率最大。[结论] 植被恢复初期,受植被覆盖度差异影响,乔草模式、混草模式的减流减沙率较大,具有较好的固土保持效益。     

Spatiotemporal Changes in Soil Nutrients:A Case Study in Taihu Region of China

The accurate assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in soil nutrients influenced by agricultural production provides the basis for development of management strategies to maintain soil fertility and balance soil nutrients. In this paper, we combined spatial measurements from 2 157 soil samples and geostatistical analysis to assess the spatiotemporal changes in soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, available phosphorus （AP） and available potassium content （AK） from the first soil survey （in the 1980s） to the second soil survey （in the 2000s） in the Taihu region of Jiangsu Province in China. The results showed that average soil nutrients in three soil types all exhibited the increased levels in the 2000s （except for AK in the yellow brown soil）. The standard deviation of soil nutrient contents increased （except for TN in the paddy soil）. Agricultural production in the 20 years led to increases in SOC, TN, AP and AK by 74, 82, 89 and 65%, respectively, of the Taihu areas analyzed. From the 1980s to 2000s all the nugget/sill ratios of soil nutrients indices were between 25 and 75% （except for AK in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s）, indicating moderate spatial dependence. The ratio of AP in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s was 88.74%, showing weak spatial dependence. The spatial correlation range values for SOC, TN, AP and AK in the 2000s all decreased. The main areas showing declines in SOC, TN and AP were in the northwest. For AK, the main region with declining levels was in the east and middle of western areas. Apparently, the increase in soil nutrients in the Taihu region can be mainly attributed to the large increase in fertilizer inputs, change in crop systems and enhanced residues management since the 1980s. Future emphasis should be placed on avoiding excess fertilizer inputs and balancing the effects of the fertilizers in soils.     

大果沙棘人工林种群结构点格局分析

根据对孙吴县大河口林场大果沙棘样地的调查结果,通过采用点格局分析法对大果沙棘人工林单种群、种群内不同发育阶段大果沙棘个体的分布格局与空间关联性进行了研究.结果表明,大果沙棘人工林单种群的空间点格局在所研究的尺度呈显著集群分布;不同林龄大果沙棘个体点格局在研究尺度主要表现出集群分布,并在一定的尺度范国内表现出随机分布;在种群不同发育阶段的关联性上,邻近的发育阶段在小尺度范围内表现为负相关,表明其存在种间竞争,在大尺度范围表现出无关联性,表明其相互关系并不协调,只有其中某几个发育阶段表现出正相关的关系.依靠点格局方法分析不同尺度的格局,存在明显的优越性.     

不同株型玉米适宜种植模式的研究

[目的]研究不同种植模式对玉米产量和农艺性状的影响。[方法]以当地3个不同类型的主栽玉米品种为试验材料,设3种不同种植模式,采用裂区设计,共9个处理,3次重复,观察记录其农艺性状并测定产量。[结果]3个不同类型玉米品种的农艺性状均以单行双株种植模式最佳;平展型品种正大999单行单株种植的产量最高,单行双株种植的产量次之;半紧凑型品种正大619和紧凑型品种玉美头105单行双株种植模式的产量最高。[结论]平展型玉米品种适合于单行单株或单行双株种植;半紧凑型品种和肾凑型品种适合于单行双株种植。结合生产实际考虑,建议在轻简栽培中,玉米采用单行双株种植模式。     

不同灌溉方式对玉米生物量的影响

[目的]为了研究节水灌溉方式对玉米产量及构成的影响。[方法]2012年在武威荒漠生态与农业气象试验站设计了滴灌、喷灌、漫灌大田试验,并调查玉米整个生育期内的作物生长高度、叶面积指数、株子粒重等指标。[结果]滴灌条件下生物量高于喷灌和漫灌,拔节时差异最明显,滴灌比喷灌重48％、比漫灌重109％;滴灌叶面积指数最高,喷灌次之;在成熟期,滴灌、喷灌株高均较漫灌高22em;滴灌和喷灌百粒重分别重于漫灌11．88％、9．95％;滴灌、喷灌株子粒重分别重于漫灌24．8％、21．1％;滴灌理论产量大于喷灌22．59％,大于漫灌35．62％,喷灌大于漫灌10．63％;滴灌实际产量大于喷灌1．68％,大于漫灌6．52％,喷灌大于漫灌4．76％。[结论]3种灌溉技术条件下,滴灌效果最好,喷灌次之。     

东莞林地土壤肥力空间异质性分析

应用地统计学结合地理信息系统研究了广东省东莞市森林表层土壤（0～25 cm）有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷和pH值等5种土壤肥力指标的空间变异规律。研究表明：全磷、全钾、有机质、全氮为中等变异;pH值属于弱变异;全钾、pH值的变异函数曲线的理论模型符合球状模型,有机质、全氮、全磷适用模型为指数模型;全磷、全钾、有机质、pH值具有中等空间相关性,全氮的空间相关性较弱;5种肥力指标的空间自相关范围存在明显差异,变化范围为2218～19297 m。用普通克立格法进行最优内插,得各肥力指标含量分布图,并分析了各土壤肥力指标的分布状态。     

Effect of variable retention cutting on the relationship between growth of coarse roots and stem of Picea mariana

Silviculture heading for structural heterogeneity creates many single trees standing at stand margins, inner edges or in remnant tree groups. As they played just a minor role in the age class forest, the growth behaviour of strongly released trees is rather unexplored. Here we show how retention cutting, presently spreading in the boreal of Québec province, affects stem and coarse root growth of remained single black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton]. Increment cores from roots and stems of 125 trees show that retention cutting triggers coarse root growth of the remaining trees. Compared with reference trees retention trees accelerate root in relation to stem growth. Mean and variability of the root–stem allometry significantly rise after retention cutting. The found acceleration of root in relation to stem growth means mechanical stabilisation of the retention trees and corroborates the retention cutting method. Evaluation of silvicultural treatments can be incomplete and misleading as long as they are just based on aboveground reactions and neglect root growth.