西北太平洋柔鱼栖息地适宜性变动研究

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)是西北太平洋重要的经济头足类,其栖息地受到气候变化的显著影响。根据中国鱿钓渔船在38°~45°N、140°~160°E作业渔场内的生产数据以及卫星遥感数据,利用信息增益技术选取关键环境因子,以单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)作为适应性指数,使用算术平均法(AM)和联乘法(GM)分别建立综合栖息地指数模型,对比异常环境条件下(厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件)柔鱼栖息地适宜性变动情况。结果表明,1998年La Ni■a事件发生时,西北太平洋传统作业渔场温度升高,海表温度(SST)相对正常年份2008年平均上升2. 72℃;而2009年El Ni■o事件发生时,SST相对正常年份降低0. 45℃。栖息地综合指数模型结果表明,1998年作业比重主要分布于在栖息地指数(HSI)大于0. 8的范围内,作业比重达到80%;2008年作业比重主要分布在HSI值0. 6~0. 8和0. 8~1. 0之间,所占比重在30%~50%左右; 2009年作业比重主要分布在HSI值0. 4~0. 6、0. 6~0. 8和0. 8~1. 0之间,作业比重平均约为32%。此外HSI值低于0. 2的区间面积随着La Ni■a事件、正常年份和El Ni■o事件递增,而HSI值大于0. 4的区间面积随着La Ni■a事件、正常年份和El Ni■o事件递减。研究认为,1998年La Ni■a事件发生时西北太平洋海域柔鱼适宜栖息地面积增加,而2009年El Ni■o事件发生时柔鱼栖息地适宜性变差,导致柔鱼产量变低。     

Enhancing lipid nutritional quality of oysters by hybridization between Crassostrea gigas and C. angulata

In the present study, hybrid and inbred oysters were produced by factorial hybridization between two closely related species, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the Portuguese oyster C. angulata. Tissues samples were used for the analysis of total lipid content (TLC) and fatty acid composition (FAC). In general, FAC but not TLC in hybrid oysters was significantly different from inbred oysters. Hybrid oysters have significantly lower ∑SFA composition but higher ∑PUFA composition than inbred oysters, with heterosis for ∑SFA, ∑MUFA and ∑PUFA of ?6.03%, ?6.53% and 14.31% respectively. Moreover, hybrid oysters have significantly higher EPA + DHA content and n3/n6 PUFA ratio than inbred oysters, indicating higher lipid nutritional quality than inbred oysters. Among them, the hybrid ♀ C. gigas × ♂ C. angulata appears to be the most nutritious. These results indicated that the lipid nutritional quality of oysters can be improved by hybridization.     

中国沿海主要牡蛎养殖品种的营养品质和风味特征比较分析

为了给牡蛎肉深加工及综合利用提供具有应用价值的基础数据,系统地探讨了中国主要养殖区新鲜牡蛎食品化学特性的差异性。结果显示,不同养殖海域及不同品种牡蛎的粗蛋白、脂肪、灰分、糖原和牛磺酸含量均具有显著差异(P<0.05)。牡蛎中锌(Zn)含量最高,各金属元素含量具有显著的地域差异性(P<0.05),其中汕头牡蛎的锌、铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)含量均显著高于其他样品(P<0.05)。呈味物质特征表现为,呈味氨基酸含量丰富,核苷酸及其关联化合物和甜菜碱含量均具有较强的地域和品种间差异性(P<0.05),其中甜菜碱含量呈"南低北高"的特征,品种间差异表现为香港牡蛎含量最低,福建牡蛎最高。醛类是新鲜牡蛎特征气味的重要组分,各地区牡蛎中检出的气味物质数量和种类有所不同;关键风味物质(ROAV≥1)中,1-辛烯-3-酮是汕头牡蛎最关键风味物质,而其他牡蛎中(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛对风味贡献最大。综上,不同地理群体牡蛎的一般营养成分、牛磺酸、呈味物质和气味成分差异性显著。     

中西太平洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)延绳钓渔场分布的时空变化

为提高中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业作业效率和应对多变的渔业政策等提供参考,本研究根据2011年2月-2012年1月间中水集团远洋渔业股份有限公司的10艘延绳钓渔船的作业数据,结合海洋表层水温(SST)等环境因子,统计分析了单位努力量渔获量(CPUE)、渔获量和SST之间的关系并利用频度累加法分析了该海域长鳍金枪鱼渔场分布的时空变化。结果显示,中西太平洋海域,深度为200 m和150 m的水温全年基本维持不变,但SST变动较大并对渔场分布和CPUE有较大影响。渔场的周年变动是由14°S左右向26°S转移再回归14°S的一个往复过程;20°S以北的渔场全年连续存在,高渔获量和高产CPUE主要分布于SST为28-29℃的水域;23°S以南的渔场,因为受到复杂天气状况的限制,只有5-8月适合生产作业,高渔获量和高产CPUE主要分布于SST为22-24℃的水域,被调查船只在南部渔场,在此期间,被调查作业船只以全年14.4%的作业天数,捕获了占全年总渔获量27.6%的长鳍金枪鱼渔获物。若加强作业船只和渔具的抗风浪性,则可以在25°S以南的海域探索新的全年稳定存在的长鳍金枪鱼渔场。     

Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in the Moyang River Estuary: The western part of the world's largest population of humpback dolphins

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Differential population dynamics of a coastal porpoise correspond to the fishing effort in a large estuarine system

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Influence of gonadal development on metal accumulation in the Portuguese oyster,Crassostrea angulata,in subtropical areas

Metal enrichment makes oyster considered to be an appropriate food source for trace elements, but excessive accumulation can threaten human health. Reproduction is an important biotic factor that affects the metal accumulation in oysters. However, the influence of continuous gonad development model on metal accumulation in some subtropical oysters is still unclear. The present study addresses the concentrations of trace metals and glycogen associated with the gonadal and somatic tissues throughout the reproductive cycle of diploid and triploid Crassostrea angulata cultured in Fujian, China. Cu, Zn and Pb contents of gonads were negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with gonadosomatic index (GSI). The correlation between Cd content and GSI was not significant. There was a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between GSI and Mn content in female gonads while the correlation was negative (p < 0.05) in males, indicating Mn plays an important role in gametogenesis of females. The effects of gonadal maturity and gender on metal accumulation in somatic tissue were not significant (p > 0.05). The concentrations of all metals in sterile triploids were not significantly different from those of the somatic tissue of diploids. Gonadal glycogen content showed a negative correlation with the GSI. However, somatic glycogen content was not affected by gonadal development, indicating that the energy consumed during gametogenesis comes mainly from recently ingested food rather than from energy stored in somatic tissue. The effects of the gonadal development on the metal accumulation in oysters varied according to the metal and tissue type.     

Dietary 5‐aminolevulinic acid enhances adenosine triphosphate production,ecdysis and immune response in Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)

Previous studies have shown that 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA), a precursor of haem, can enhance haem synthesis and the activity of haemoproteins. Here, we investigated the effects of dietary 5‐ALA on Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Dietary groups included basal diet (BD, control) and BD plus 15, 30 and 60 ppm 5‐ALA (ALA15, ALA30 and ALA60 respectively). Hepatopancreas adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels increased with increasing 5‐ALA concentration (ALA60 p < 0.05) after 2 weeks of feeding. 5‐aminolevulinic acid diets significantly increased the expression of ecdysis‐related genes: nuclear receptor E75 and chitinase 4 (ALA15, ALA30, ALA60), cytochrome P450 Shade (ALA60), chitinase 1 (ALA60) and chitinase 3 (ALA15, ALA60). Catalase (CAT) and prophenoloxidase gene expression levels were also significantly higher in ALA60 after 12 weeks of feeding. Six hours after L. vannamei were exposed to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, total haemocyte count (ALA60) and gene expression levels of CAT (ALA30, ALA60) were significantly higher in 5‐ALA groups compared to the control. 5‐aminolevulinic acid diets also increased survival of L. vannamei following V. parahaemolyticus immersion challenge. These results suggest that supplementing L. vannamei diets with 5‐ALA can enhance ATP production, immune response against V. parahaemolyticus, total haemocyte count and expression of some immune‐related genes. 5‐aminolevulinic acid can also induce ecdysis‐related gene expressions, without adversely affecting growth.     

性成熟和个体大小对西北太平洋柔鱼耳石形态的影响

根据2007年7-10月我国鱿钓船在西北太平洋海域连续采集的柔鱼样本,以耳石最大宽度(MW)与其总长(TSL)之比作为耳石形态变化的指标,利用方差分析和最小显著差法分析了性成熟和个体大小对耳石形态的影响。结果表明,耳石的生长持续出现在柔鱼的整个生命周期,性成熟度为Ⅰ期与Ⅱ~Ⅴ期之间的个体,其耳石MW/TSL皆存在显著差异(P<0.05),而性成熟度为Ⅱ~Ⅴ期的个体,它们之间的MW/TSL无显著差异(P>0.05),说明性成熟度Ⅰ期后的个体,其耳石形态不随性成熟度的增加而变化;胴长为200~280 mm的4个胴长组,耳石MW/TSL大多与其它组存在显著差异(P<0.05),而个体大于280 mm的各组间,其耳石MW/TSL无显著差异(P>0.05),说明胴长大于280 mm后的个体,其耳石形态不随胴长的增大而变化。性成熟度Ⅰ期和胴长范围200~280 mm对耳石形态影响一致,这一时期与柔鱼开始进入亚北极海域(42~46°N)进行索饵洄游的时间相对应,柔鱼耳石的MW/TSL可以作为表征其性成熟和早期生长变化的有效指标。