不同有机肥对矿区复垦土壤磷素累积及淋失风险研究

为探究定位培肥矿区复垦土壤过程中不同有机肥对土壤磷素累积状况及环境流失风险的差异.以山西省孝义市采煤塌陷复垦土壤为研究对象,研究不同有机肥(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪)和化肥在4个施磷水平下(0,25,50,100 kg/hm2)培肥4年后对矿区复垦土壤全磷、Olsen—P、Mehlich3—P、CaCl2—P以及磷饱和度(DP...     

Accumulation of heavy metals and total phosphorus in intensive aquatic farm sediments: comparison of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureu,Asian seabass Lates calcarifer and white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farms

This paper compares and discusses the accumulation of eight heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn and Zn) and total phosphorus (TP) in surface sediments from five intensive farms of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureu, Asian seabass Lates calcarifer and white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (n=75). Results indicate that the sediments were significantly contaminated by Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn and Zn as well as P. The mean concentrations of Cd (0.47 mg kg^?1), Co (2.25 mg kg^?1), Cu (31.56 mg kg^?1), Pb (23.45 mg kg^?1), Fe (1.15%), Mn (145.5 mg kg^?1), Zn (41.5 mg kg^?1) and TP (750.69 mg kg^?1) in tilapia farm surface sediments were significantly lower than the levels observed in Asian seabass and white shrimp farm surface sediments, where the concentrations were, respectively, Cd – 2.69 and 2.35 mg kg^?1, Co – 17.66 and 15.22 mg kg^?1, Cu – 116.84 and 110.03 mg kg^?1, Pb – 38.5 and 33.26 mg kg^?1, Fe – 3.4% and 3.31%, Mn – 853.61 and 728.5 mg kg^?1, Zn – 105.21 and 83.92 mg kg^?1 and TP – 1445.63 and 1069.8 mg kg^?1. The heavy metal content of the sediments follow the order: Asian sea bass>white shrimp>tilapia. Cadmium and Cu in Asian seabass and white shrimp farm sediments would pose a major potential risk. Further, the sediment is highly enriched by Fe, P, Mn and Co.     

Administration of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis induces growth,immune and antioxidant enzyme activities,gut microbiota assembly and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Litopenaeus vannamei

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of dietary Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 11946 (BL) on the growth, immune and antioxidant activities, intestinal morphology and microbiota, and susceptibility to Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP_AHPND) in juvenile pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (LV). Juvenile LV (initial weight = 0.63 ± 0.001) were fed diets containing varying BL concentrations (0 (BL0), 10⁶ (BL1), 10⁷ (BL2) and 10⁸ (BL3) CFU/g feed) for 8 weeks. Growth performance, immune and antioxidant enzyme activities, and intestinal morphology significantly improved in the probiotic‐treated groups than the untreated. Regardless of the treatment group, the two dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, whereas the two dominant genera were Ruegeria and Vibrio. Increasing inclusion of probiotics in diets led to significant increase in beneficial bacterial genera (Ruegeria, and Pseudoalteromonas) and a significant decrease in some known opportunistic pathogens (Vibrio, Tenacibaculum, Photobacterium, Kangiella and Spongiimonas) with the BL3 group witnessing the best. A 7‐day challenge study with VP_AHPND showed significantly high protection in the probiotic‐treated groups, with the BL3, BL2 and BL1 obtaining 51%, 34% and 22% relative percentage survival, respectively. In conclusion, BL at 10⁸ CFU/g feed should be used to help in shrimp production since it attained the most significant improvement.     

蟹塘生态调控技术对“淤泥-水界面”N,P交换通量的影响

调节pH值、加钙和增氧是常用的蟹塘生态调控技术,为明确其对水质和N,P养分交换的影响,通过实验室模拟并测定了水体N,P含量及"淤泥-水界面"交换通量。结果表明:3种措施对水体N,P均有显著影响,且增氧对水体N,P的调节效应显著强于加钙和调节pH。增氧96 h后水体TN和NO_3^--N含量分别是不增氧处理的1.68和7.43倍,同时增氧削减了水体NH4+-N含量至试验结束,增氧处理NH_4^+-N含量平均降低70%～75%。"淤泥-水界面"N,P交换通量表明,增氧后TN交换通量平均提高2.47～3.74 mg·m^2/h,而对TP交换通量均无显著影响,平均仅为-0.1 mg·m^2/h。     

中华绒螯蟹1龄性早熟自交和1龄性早熟与2龄正常成熟杂交F1养殖性能及可食率比较

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)1龄性早熟是目前产业发展中面临的重要问题,为全面了解中华绒螯蟹 1龄性早熟性状对其子代相关性状的影响,本研究构建了 1 龄性早熟自交家系(PI)和 1 龄性早熟与 2 龄正常成熟杂交家系(PHN),综合评估其养殖性能和可食率。结果表明:(1)在扣蟹养殖阶段, PI 组 F1扣蟹平均体重始终大于 PHN 组;PI组 F1雌体的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和早熟率均高于 PHN组,雄体则较低,但均无显著性差异(P>0.05);PI组 F1雌体成活率显著低于 PHN 组(P<0.05),雄体略低于 PHN 组;PHN 组总产量较高,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。扣蟹终体重呈正态分布, 3.00~8.99 g 终体重扣蟹比例较高。(2)在成蟹养殖阶段,生长前期(3 5 月)PI 组平均体重低于PHN 组,生长后期(7 9 月)则以 PI 组为高;3 5 月和 7 9 月 PHN 组 F1WGR 和 SGR 均高于 PI 组,而 5 7 月则以 PI组为高;PI组 F1生殖蜕壳和性腺发育略早于 PHN组,无显著性差异(P>0.05);总体来看, PI组 F1成活率和产量均高于 PHN组,但饵料系数显著低于 PHN组(P<0.05);PHN组 F1体重<125.00 g和≥250.00 g的成蟹百分比较高,两组体重<125.00 g 的成蟹存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。(3)就总可食率(TEY)而言, PI 组 F1TEY 高于 PHN 组;就肥满度(CF)而言, PI组 F1雌体高于 PHN组,雄体则较低,但两组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。综上, 1龄早熟自交组 F1具有扣蟹平均体重大、早熟率略高,成蟹生殖蜕壳较早、成活率和产量高的特点;而 1 龄早熟与 2 龄正常成熟杂交组F1则具有扣蟹成活率和产量高,成蟹生殖蜕壳略晚、饵料系数低的特点。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus budget of a Haliotis discus hannai and Apostichopus japonicus polyculture system

The system nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) budget, N/P utilization rate and the physiological response mechanism of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai (body weight: 12.87 ± 0.82 g) and the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (body weight: 10.85 ± 1.16 g) to different co‐culture environment conditions were examined. Animals were kept in a multilayer, cubic recirculating aquaculture system at different polyculture densities (abalones at 400 ind/m²in monoculture [Group C] and abalones at 400 ind/m²with sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m² [AS1] or 20 ind/m² [AS2]). Each treatment was replicated four times, and the experimental cycle was 90 days. No significant difference in survival rate of abalones was detected when the stocking density of sea cucumbers increased from 10 to 20 ind/m², but the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the water were significantly higher in AS2 than in AS1. Survival rate, specific growth rate (SGR) of body weight of sea cucumbers and SGR of body weight of abalones were significantly lower in AS2 than in AS1. No significant difference in protease (PES), lipase, amylase and cellulase activities of abalones was identified between Group C and AS1, but the PES and amylase activities of abalones and sea cucumbers in AS1 were significantly higher than those in AS2. In AS1, the N/P output from harvesting of abalones and sea cucumbers and the N/P utilization rates were significantly higher than those in AS2. Although the N/P output from faeces was significantly lower in AS2 than in Group C and AS1, the N/P output from the water layer was significantly higher than that in AS1. The expression levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) of both abalones and sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. No significant difference in expression of catalase (CAT) and HSP90of abalones was identified among these groups, but the expression levels of CAT and HSP90of sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. These results indicate that stocking sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m² in the polyculture system will relieve the organic load on the system and improve the N/P utilization rate. It will also increase aquaculture production and improve the ecological and economic benefits of the system.     

水稻田磷径流流失特征初步研究

在自然降雨条件下,原位研究了广东省典型稻田地表径流氮磷输出的动态流失特征。结果表明,降雨量与产流量之量极显著正相关,但对P素流失量无明显影响;与未施肥对照(F0)相比,常规施肥(F)对P素流失没有显著影响（p > 0.05）,P素流失形态以颗粒态磷(pp)为主。     

湿地生态系统磷迁移转化机制研究进展

磷在湿地生态系统中的生物地球化学行为备受关注。湿地土壤以有机磷(OP)为主,无机磷(IP)为辅。铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)是IP的主要组分,钙镁结合态磷(Ca/Mg-P)惰性最强。OP因与土壤成分固定程度较低,更易在土壤中移动,而成为优于总磷(TP)可指示水体富营养化程度的指标。土壤酸碱度、温度、有机质含量、干湿交替和C∶N∶P是影响湿地生态系统磷生物地球化学循环过程的关键环境因素。耕地恢复为湿地后,湿地土壤TP含量基本呈升高趋势。速效磷(A-P)因对土壤理化性质的改变比较敏感,不同区域研究结果差异较大。随着退耕年限的延长,湿地土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)和吸附常数(K)逐渐升高;但退耕初期,湿地土壤对磷的解吸率较高,可能会造成周边水域水体富营养化。     

磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对棉花养分吸收和磷肥利用效率的影响

为探究磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对棉花养分吸收、磷肥利用效率及棉花产量的影响,本研究基于国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测站5年田间微区棉花连作定位试验,以7种施肥措施为样本,于2022年棉花成熟期开展棉田土壤田间调查研究。结果表明,磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田均能提升棉株氮磷钾养分吸收,各器官氮素平均含量在1.75～40.90 g·kg^-1之间,磷素平均含量在1.46～11.28 g·kg^-1之间,钾素平均含量在3.11～25.03 g·kg^-1之间。综合肥料投入和养分吸收,50%的磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田最能增强棉株吸氮能力和促进干物质积累,50%的磷肥有机替代对棉株吸磷能力最强且最有利于实现棉花节肥增钾的效果。棉株各器官N:P变化范围为1.20～12.01,磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田使茎、叶、蕾/铃/壳的N∶P明显降低,棉株生物量、籽棉产量随茎、叶、蕾/铃/壳N∶P的降低而增加,本试验棉花生长更倾向于受N、P共同限制。磷肥利用率随有机替代量的增加从12.54%提升到33.04%,土壤磷素盈余量随有机替代量的增加从28.20 kg·hm<...     

黑土区组合施肥技术对土壤氮磷的影响

定位试验研究有机肥、生物肥和化肥组合施肥技术对土壤N、P养分元素的影响结果表明,组合施肥较单施化肥土壤全N增加0.05g/kg,速效氮(除Ⅱ处理)增加6.6～44.6mg/kg,土壤全P增加0.15～0.29g/kg,速效磷增加15.68～51.07mg/kg。组合施肥较单施化肥土壤N素增量全N增加0.2～0.25g/kg,速效氮增加11.6～39.4 mg/kg,全P增加0.09～0.24g/kg,速效磷增加23.59～57.82mg/kg。组合施肥较单施化肥净收入高19.4％～37.3％。