Estimation of Changes in Available Soil Phosphate under Submerged Conditions Associated with Temperature during the Tillering Stage of Rice Plant in the Cool Climate Region of Japan

This study was performed to investigate changes in available soil phosphate associated with temperature under submerged conditions and to explore the possibility for estimating those under submerged conditions during the early growth (tillering) stage of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). An incubation experiment was conducted under submerged conditions at three temperatures (10°C, 17.5°C and 25°C) using paddy soils collected over a widespread area in Japan. In most soils, significant positive correlations were observed between available soil phosphate and cumulative temperature to 650°C, which corresponded to the tillering stage in Japan. Relationships between the regression formulae of the available phosphate against cumulative temperature to 650°C and soil chemical properties measured in air-dried soil were investigated. The results indicate that the available phosphate of paddy soil against cumulative temperature during tillering stage under submerged conditions can be estimated from the results of air-dried soil analyses which can be conducted before a crop season.     

黑芝菌发酵产生胞外多糖的工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

以黑芝菌为菌种,采用液体深层发酵技术生产胞外多糖。在单因素试验基础上,选择蔗糖、酵母粉、发酵时间3因素作为影响因子,通过响应面法来优化多糖的发酵工艺,采用体外清除自由基法来研究多糖的抗氧化活性。结果表明,黑芝菌产生胞外多糖的最佳发酵条件为蔗糖20.6 g·L^-1,酵母粉11.2 g·L^-1,发酵时间6 d,多糖产量预测值可达到237.35 mg·L^-1,验证值为236.83 mg·L^-1,与预测值接近。抗氧化活性结果表明,胞外多糖对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基均有较强的抑制作用,随着多糖浓度的增大,其抑制作用越来越强。该研究可为液体发酵生产胞外多糖的综合开发利用提供一定的理论依据。     

杭州城市河道生态治理实践及成效

评估杭州市城市河道生态治理成效,为更好地指导城市河道生态修复工作提供借鉴。后横港、沿山河、新塘河和南大河位于杭州市中心城区,水质都处于劣V类,蓝藻水华和黑臭暴发频繁,从2014年开始,分别开展了一系列生态修复工程。测定氨氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧指标判断水质改善情况,分析浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物判断水体生态修复程度。氨氮后横港下降超过80%,沿山河和南大河下降60%左右;总磷后横港下降接近70%,其他河道下降23%~55%;后横港、沿山河、新塘河高锰酸盐指数进一步降低,部分河道高锰酸盐指数能达到II类水水平;溶解氧浓度都明显上升,均能达到III类以上水平。南大河的浮游植物密度达到了水华暴发的水平;各条河道的原生动物和轮虫类密度都较高,但Shannon多样性指数普遍在1~2;枝角类和桡足类密度偏低;底栖动物Shannon指数均低于1,指示河道处于严重污染状态。杭州市城市河道生态治理工作的中心是:沉水植物恢复及以沉水植物恢复为基础、包含浮游动物和底栖动物等在内全水域生物多样性恢复的生态系统恢复。     

桑黄原生质体融合菌株及其亲本生物学特性的比较研究

摘要：目的 选择和评价桑黄原生质体融合菌株 方法 应用聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板凝胶电泳技术, 对5个供试菌株的酯酶同工酶进行测定,并对供试菌株进行液体培养,测定各菌株的生物量及发酵液中胞外多糖含量、总黄酮含量、酯酶活性及pH。 结果 融合菌株与亲本具有共同的基础条带,同时还产生了自身特异性条带,融合菌株SR002、SR003菌丝生物量是亲本SA04的3倍。SR005菌株合成胞外多糖速率最快,但SR002胞外多糖产量最高,较亲本SA02增加到1.8倍。融合菌株SR005在培养后期发酵液中酯酶活性最高。SR002、SR003两菌株亲缘关系极为相近。结论 筛选得到的SR002菌株经进一步遗传稳定性验证后可用于以获得生物量、胞外多糖为目的的液体发酵培养。     

The role of groundwater flow in controlling the spatial distribution of soil salinity and rooted macrophytes in a southeastern salt marsh, USA

Groundwater flow is an important factor in governing botanical zonation in the salt marsh at North Inlet, SC. Areas of the marsh adjacent to upland forest are characterized by upward flow of fresh groundwater. This inhibits the infiltration and evapoconcentration of saline tidal water and the development of a habitat for hypersaline-tolerant fugitive species such as Salicornia europaea. Areas of high marsh that are not adjacent to extensive upland forest are characterized by downward gradients in hydraulic head. This allows the infiltration and evapoconcentration of tidal water and the development of hypersaline conditions that are suitable for salt-tolerant fugitives.     

水稻间歇灌溉的节水增产机理研究

使稻田水分处于“薄水层─湿润─短暂落干”循环状态的水稻间歇灌溉是我国应推广的水稻节水灌溉技术之一。依据近三年来的试验研究,讨论了间歇灌溉的节水和增产机理,提出了着眼于提高降水利用率和降低渗漏量的稻田水管理模式及其注意事项;同时认为水稻间歇灌溉有利于提高氮素养分的利用率,从而促进水稻增产。     

水生植物分解过程中生态化学计量学特征

为揭示水生植物分解过程中的生态化学计量学特征,选取沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria natans）和马来眼子菜（Potamogeton malaianus）以及漂浮植物浮萍（Lemna minor）,分别置于温室（处理组A、B）和池塘中（处理组B）,实验周期为5周,每隔1周随机从各重复组中取1份样品,测定干物质重和总氮（TN）、总碳（TC）、总磷（TP）含量,分析其残存干物质的分解过程。结果表明,在整个分解过程中,3种植物的C/N为7.43~10.06,低于全球水平22.5,C/P为43.09~91.77,明显高于全球水平23.2,说明同一种植物在相同的同化C能力前提下,对N的利用效率较高,对P的利用率较低;N/P为4.71~9.24,小于14,说明植物主要受N的限制。沉水植物苦草和马来眼子菜的C/N在温室和自然条件下规律一致,而漂浮植物浮萍则变化较大,说明沉水植物分解C和N的速率一致且不受环境影响,而漂浮植物浮萍分解C和N受环境影响较大;苦草和浮萍残存干物质C/N在开始有一个快速增长期,说明这2种植物N的释放速率超过C;3种植物残存干物质的C/P和N/P都在第1周快速增长且各处理变化较大,说明3种植物P分解速率都在1周内超过C和N,且受环境影响较大。研究结果将对水生态修复过程中是否移除残存水生植物提供理论依据。     

3种沉水植物碳氮代谢对水体氮源形态组成的响应

以沉水植物穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)、伊乐藻(Elodea canadensis Michx)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)为试验对象,研究水体中不同硝态氮(NO_3~-N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)浓度比对植物碳氮(C-N)代谢的影响。2015年春季栽培3种沉水植物;7月,截取长约10 cm的植物顶端于1 L的玻璃烧杯预培养,光暗比为14 L∶10 D,温度控制为光周期25℃,暗周期15℃,光照强度为110μmol/(m~2·s),预培养7 d后截取植物顶端1 g左右转入250 m L的锥形瓶,设计培养液总氮浓度为2 mg/L,按照NH_4~+-N与NO_3~-N的浓度比设置2∶1、1∶1、1∶2、2∶0、0∶2共计5个处理,以预培养液为对照,每个处理设置3个重复。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,氨氮添加显著提高了3种植物组织内游离氨基酸(FAA)的含量,且在氨氮浓度2 mg/L时FAA达最大;(2)植物体内可溶性糖含量(SC)存在显著的种间差异,二元方差分析显示处理间SC的差异,种间差异的贡献值为69%;(3)硝态氮完全替代氨态氮时,3种植物组织中的SC/FAA显著升高,二元方差分析显示处理间SC/FAA的差异主要源于氮源形态组成(56%);(4)伊乐藻体内FAA和SC含量均大于穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻。这可能是它在富营养水体中更有优势的重要原因之一。     

三角帆蚌对蓝藻的滤食作用及其对沉水植物生长的影响

双壳贝类是淡水生态系统常见的滤食性动物,以浮游植物和有机物悬浮颗粒为食,其作用可能降低蓝藻浓度,从而促进沉水植物生长。通过构建4组(草+蓝藻、草+蓝藻+低生物量蚌、草+蓝藻+高生物量蚌、草)室外微型生态系统,研究了湖泊下风区常见蓝藻堆积浓度下,三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)的滤食作用对蓝藻水华和沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长的影响。结果表明:(1)蓝藻对苦草的生长具有显著抑制作用,草藻组和草组的相对生长率分别为-7.65mg/g·d和7.19mg/g·d;(2)三角帆蚌对蓝藻具有明显的下行滤食压力,其大小与蚌生物量有关,蚌生物量高时效果明显;(3)三角帆蚌的滤食可以不同程度上缓解蓝藻对苦草的生长抑制,低蚌组和高蚌组苦草相对生长率分别为-5.31mg/g·d和4.24mg/g·d。蓝藻颗粒被滤食后,水体光照条件的改善可能是有蚌组苦草生物量相对较高的主要原因。说明双壳贝类可以通过滤食浮游植物使水体理化环境向着有利于沉水植物生长的方向发展,但这种作用的大小与贝类生物量的合理配置有密切关系。     

Predation risk from piscivorous fish influencing the diel use of macrophytes by planktivorous fish in experimental ponds

Abstract— This study investigated interactions between zooplanktivores (roach and perch) and piscivorcs (pike and large perch) in experimental ponds (16 m²) with open water habitat and three densities of natural macrophytes. Fish habitat selection was determined both day and night and was supported by daytime observations to study anti-predator behavioural patterns. Diel migration out from among macrophytes was seen in the absence of predators, particularly for roach, which changed from 13% of individuals being in open water during the day to 90% at night. The risk of predation from piscivores influenced the habitat selection of the zooplanktivores. Roach seemed to be the most vulnerable to predation from pike and selected the open water (90-92%) during daylight hours, but kept a 1-m distance from the macrophytes edge. The presence of pike thus reduced the use of macrophytes by roach, which in turn may improve macrophytes and the edge area as a refuge for zooplankton. Pike appeared to have less impact on the gross habitat selection of O+ perch, which were associated with the macrophytes (58–89%), though they were still vulnerable to predation. Adult perch, which was a generally less effective predator than pike, showed subdued behavior, concealing them selves in the macrophytes most of the time. No effect of the simultaneous presence of two predator species was found.