A new approach to trenching experiments for measuring root-rhizosphere respiration in a lowland tropical forest

Soil respiration in tropical forests is a major source of atmospheric CO₂. The ability to partition soil respiration into its individual components is becoming increasingly important to predict the effects of disturbance on CO₂ efflux from the soil as the responses of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration to change are likely to differ. However, current field methods to partition respiration suffer from various methodological artefacts; root-rhizosphere respiration is particularly difficult to estimate. We used trenched subplots to estimate root-rhizosphere respiration in large-scale litter addition (L+), litter removal (L−) and control (CT) plots in a lowland tropical semi-evergreen forest in Panama. We took a new approach to trenching by making measurements immediately before-and-after trenching and comparing them to biweekly measurements made over one year. Root-rhizosphere respiration was estimated to be 38%, 17% and 27% in the CT, L+, and L− plots, respectively, from the measurements taken immediately before and one day after trenching in May-June 2007. Biweekly measurements over the following year provided no estimates of root-rhizosphere respiration for the first seven months due to decomposition of decaying roots. We were also unable to estimate root-rhizosphere respiration during the dry season due to differences in soil water content between trenched and untrenched soil. However, biweekly measurements taken during the early rainy season one year after trenching (May-June 2008) provided estimates of root-rhizosphere respiration of 39%, 24% and 36% in the CT, L+, and L− plots, respectively, which are very similar to those obtained during the first day after trenching. We suggest that measurements taken immediately before and one day after root excision are a viable method for a rapid estimation of root-rhizosphere respiration without the methodological artefacts usually associated with trenching experiments.     

叶龄与摘花对黄秋葵叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量的影响

研究了叶龄与摘花两因子对黄秋葵018、024和0213品系的叶片叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量的影响。结果表明：018品系20d叶龄叶片的叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量最高，024品系30d叶龄叶片的叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量最高，021品系40d叶龄叶片的叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量最高；摘花处理降低了018和024品系叶片的叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量，却提高了021品系叶片的叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量。     

序批式生物膜法处理水产养殖废水的研究

目前我国水产养殖废水直接排放的现象较多, 使受纳水体富营养化和生物多样性降低; 同时养殖水体中残饵、水生生物排泄物容易引起水体溶解氧下降、病原体增加并产生有害物质如氨氮、亚硝酸盐等, 引起养殖对象发病甚至死亡。提出采用以组合填料为载体的序批式生物膜反应器处理水产养殖废水。通过试验确定了最佳运行模式: 水力停留时间12 h, 其中瞬时进水y 厌氧( 3 h) y 曝气( 5 h) y 添加原水(添加比1B 3) y 缺氧( 3 h) y 曝气( 1 h) y 沉淀( 0. 5 h) y 排水( 0. 5 h), 并考察了试验对污染物的去除特性。试验结果表明了序批式生物膜法处理水产养殖废水的可行性, 对有机物、氨氮、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为91. 1%、85. 1%、751 8%、89. 5%, 处理后出水可回用于水产养殖。     

荸荠去皮机设计与试验

针对荸荠(Eleocharis dulcis(Burm. f.) Trin.)外形不规则以及去皮损失大、去不净的问题,采用平刀去顶芽、斜刀去底部、圆弧刀去侧皮的组合切削方式,设计1种荸荠去皮机。通过对荸荠外形参数的测量与建模,拟合得到荸荠外轮廓曲线,确定刀具的结构参数范围。基于3D打印技术,采用单因素试验,确定了切削速度、底面斜刀倾角与长度、侧面圆弧刀弦长对去皮损失率与去净率的影响,优化得到了适宜的结构参数与运动参数,在转速为40 r/min、底面斜刀倾角为82°、底面斜刀长度为14 mm、侧面圆弧刀弦长为22 mm(直径42.75 mm)的条件下,去净率达到93%,损失率为24.4%,显著高于人工去皮与机械摩擦去皮。     

基于流固耦合的除杂风机应力应变及模态研究

叶轮是除杂风机的重要部件之一,叶轮在运行中的应力应变对除杂风机的安全运行有着重要的影响,而叶轮振动是风机的常见故障,所以流固耦合条件下的除杂风机叶轮变形及振动分析对甘蔗收获机除杂风机的安全有着重要的意义。为此,采用有限元分析软件Ansys Workbench对除杂风机叶轮进行了单向流固耦合计算分析,结果表明:叶轮在流固耦合作用下会发生弯曲扭振变形,最大应力分布在叶片与轮毂的交界处,最大应变分布在叶片外缘处;所设计的叶轮最大应力为21.48MPa,小于材料极限应力,而工作转速也远离振动转速,均满足工作要求。该研究为甘蔗收获机的除杂风机设计提供了参考。     

密集烤房群应用烟气处理系统的研究

[目的]降低密集烤房群的颗粒物和二氧化硫排放量,减少其对环境的污染。[方法]在密集烤房群建造烟气处理系统,通过管道连接将烤房烟囱排放的烟气输送到除尘脱硫塔中,使烟气先进行碱水净化处理,然后再排放到大气中。[结果]试验表明,处理后的烟气中的颗粒物排放浓度(59.75 mg/m3)较处理前(156.35 mg/m3)减少了96.65 mg/m3,减幅为61.82%;SO2排放浓度(7 193.5 mg/m3)较处理前(9 062.9 mg/m3)减少了1 869.4 mg/m3,减幅为20.63%。[结论]烟叶密集烤房的烟气经除尘脱硫装置处理后,颗粒物和SO2的排放浓度大幅降低,有利于环境保护。     

Reduced tillage in temperate organic farming: implications for crop management and forage production

To promote conservation tillage in organic farming systems, weed control and ley removal within arable-ley rotations need to be optimized. A long-term field trial was thus established in Frick, Switzerland in 2002 on a clayey soil and with a mean precipitation of 1000 mm/year. The tillage experiment distinguished between conventional tillage with mouldboard ploughing (CT, 15 cm depth) and reduced tillage (RT), including a chisel plough (15 cm) and a stubble cleaner (5 cm). Results of a 2-year grass-clover ley (2006/2007) and silage maize (2008) are presented. Due to dry conditions, mean grass-clover yields were 25% higher in RT than in CT, indicating better water retention of RT soils. Clover cover and mineral contents of the fodder mixture were also higher in RT. The ley was successfully removed in autumn 2007 in RT plots, and a winter pea catch crop was sown before maize. In CT, ploughing took place in spring 2008. Maize yields were 34% higher in RT than in CT, despite a two- to three-fold higher but still tolerable weed infestation. Maize in RT plots benefited from an additional 61.5 kg of easily decomposable organic N/ha incorporated into the soil via the pea mulch. Measurement of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of maize roots indicated a similar mechanical disturbance of the topsoil through the reduced ley removal system compared with ploughing. It is suggested that RT is applicable in organic farming, even in arable-ley rotations, but long-term effects need further assessment.     

压电磁螺型位错与界面刚性线夹杂的干涉效应

采用复变函数解析延拓原理,研究了电磁材料中压电磁螺型位错和共线界面刚性线的磁电弹耦合干涉效应并得到该问题的一般解答.作为算例,求出了界面含有一条刚性线时两种压电磁介质区域广义应力函数的封闭形式解.运用扰动技术,求解了位错点的扰动应力、电位移和磁感应强度场.由推广的Peach-Koehler公式求出了作用在位错上的位错力,讨论了共线界面刚性线对位错力的影响规律.文中所得到的解不但可作为格林函数获得任意分布位错的相应解答,而且可以用于研究无穷远纵向剪切和面内电磁场作用下界面刚性线夹杂和介质中任意形状裂纹的磁电弹耦合干涉效应问题.     

干旱区骏枣坐果后期含糖量变化及其理论模式研究

对干旱区栽培的骏枣,在坐果后期进行定期多点测定含糖量变化试验.结果表明:骏枣可溶性固形物的增加有3个明显不同的阶段,其中以第2阶段增长最快,可溶性固形物增量占采收时总含糖量的40.0%,日均增加0.473%.理论模式验证表明,骏枣含糖量增加的规律基本符合Logestics生长方程.     

Analysis on the Disposal of the Industrial Solid Waste in the Three Gorges Region

The second step of water storage for Three Gorges Reservoir will be executed in Jue,2003. Because there is still a large quantity of industrial solid waste(ISW) dumped on the reservoir bottom where should be cleaned before water storage and wastes should be disposed. After a full investigation and analyze, the total amount of ISW in the Chongqing reservoir area is about 1.66 million tons. According the principles of safe, economical and reliable, this paper describes the ISW's treatment. The ordinary ISW which is harmless and non toxic after identification should be treated on-site, the ISW that exceeds the national standards should be removed and be disposed in the landfill, and the hazardous waste should be removed for disposition or storage.