2022 年 2 期目录

  目的  SPL（SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like）是植物特有的转录因子,参与植物幼年期向成年期的转变、营养生长向生殖生长的转变、花发育、孢子发生、叶片和根发育、逆境响应等多个过程,在植物的生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用。探究白桦中BpSPL6基因启动子区的顺式作用元件,以及该启动子在正常和胁迫条件下的表达模式,可为进一步研究BpSPL6基因的功能提供参考,也可为了解白桦的抗逆机制提供依据。  方法  以本实验室组培白桦的总DNA为模板,经PCR克隆了BpSPL6基因上游1 703 bp的启动子序列,用PLACE和Plant CARE在线软件分析启动子区的顺式作用元件。构建BpSPL6基因启动子驱动GUS报告基因的植物表达载体并转化拟南芥,探究其组织表达特性和胁迫条件下的表达模式。  结果  PCR成功克隆了BpSPL6基因上游1 703 bp的启动子序列,对启动子区的顺式作用元件预测发现除了含有核心启动元件TATA-box、CAAT-box外,还包括2种特异组织表达元件（根、花粉）,10种激素响应元件（生长素、赤霉素、水杨酸、脱落酸）,4种脱水响应元件等。对转基因拟南芥进行GUS染色结果表明,BpSPL6基因启动子驱动的GUS基因在转基因拟南芥中的表达具有时空特异性。在拟南芥的整个发育过程中,BpSPL6基因启动子驱动GUS基因在真叶叶片中表达,但是表达部位不同。随着叶片的生长,首先在叶片的顶端表达,随后扩展到叶片的叶脉并直至整个叶片,并且表达量逐渐升高。同时BpSPL6基因启动子驱动的 GUS 基因在拟南芥营养生长时期的根部都有表达。并且经氯化钠和甘露醇胁迫后其表达量降低。对比两种胁迫,受到氯化钠胁迫后GUS基因的表达量变化更大,说明对氯化钠胁迫的响应更加强烈。  结论  BpSPL6基因可能参与了植物的叶片、根发育以及对盐和干旱胁迫的响应。      

矛尾虾虎鱼仔稚鱼脊柱及附肢骨骼系统的发育观察

采用软骨-硬骨双染色技术,研究矛尾虾虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)仔稚鱼(体长范围为4.7~45.1 mm)脊柱及附肢骨骼系统的形态发育特征。结果显示:4.7 mm个体脊索为无分节的长圆柱形;5.3 mm个体随着髓弓、脉弓和尾下骨的出现,脊柱开始发育;7.1 mm个体髓弓与脉弓延伸形成髓棘与脉棘,脊柱出现分节的硬骨环,并从前往后硬骨化;22.9 mm个体脊柱形成40~43枚椎骨(躯椎15枚,尾椎25~28枚)。矛尾虾虎鱼附肢骨骼系统的发育顺序依次为胸鳍、尾鳍、第二背鳍与臀鳍、第一背鳍与腹鳍。4.8 mm个体可见软骨质的胸鳍支鳍骨和乌喙骨-肩胛软骨,以及部分骨化的匙骨;16.8 mm个体肩带开始骨化。腹鳍支鳍骨最早在8.9 mm个体出现,在17.0 mm个体开始骨化。6.6 mm个体脊索上方中部与肛门后端分别出现13和11枚软骨质的支鳍骨;第二背鳍先于第一背鳍出现,背鳍支鳍骨与臀鳍支鳍骨分别在13.0 mm和12.1 mm个体中开始由前向后骨化,第二背鳍与臀鳍第1枚鳍条分别在22.7 mm和20.6 mm个体中锐化成背棘与臀棘。5.8 mm个体最早出现2枚尾下骨,随着脊索末端向上弯曲,10.9 mm个体尾鳍基本成型,共有2枚尾上骨、1枚尾杆骨、1枚尾椎髓体、1枚侧尾下骨和3枚尾下骨,且第2枚与第3枚尾下骨已愈合完全,24.3 mm个体尾鳍骨化基本完成。矛尾虾虎鱼仔稚鱼骨骼发育研究结果对其分类鉴定和早期发育功能趋向有重要作用。     

Effects of feeding rates on growth and production of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp polycultured in fertilized ponds

Abstract In an attempt to identify appropriate feeding rates for multispecies of fish raised in fertilized earthen ponds, the present work was conducted over a 19‐week experimental period to establish the growth performance, production and body composition of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp fed 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0% biomass and to apparent satiation (treatments). Twelve ponds were stocked with a similar number and weight of each fish species. Two ponds were assigned to each of the treatments, and a 25% protein pelleted fish feed was used to feed fish at the specified rate of feeding. At the end of the experiment, growth, weight gain, survival, yield and body composition of fish groups were affected by the treatments. The economic effectiveness also varied among treatments. The most conspicuous attribute of the feeding rates was its lack of influence on growth (g day^?1), weight gain (g per fish), yield (kg ha^?1) or body composition of silver carp. The results of whole‐body proximate analysis indicated that various feeding rates had either an irregular pattern or no effects on the protein and ash gain per 100 g of fish body weight (bw) gain. The most notable exceptions were significant (P < 0.05) increases in body fat and gross energy gains in Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp accompanied by decreases in percentages of moisture (but not in silver carp) as feeding rate increased. Among the six different feeding levels, feeding to apparent satiation (feed amount was equivalent to 2.67% of fish bw day^?1) appeared to be optimal, as it significantly (P < 0.05) supported the highest fish production, income and net profit compared with all other treatments except for the 3% feeding level, for which the differences in those measurements were comparable.     

巴氏杀菌加热中3种淡水鱼肌肉的变性研究

将鲤、鲢和罗非鱼肌肉在巴氏杀菌条件 ( 75℃和 80℃ )下加热 ,测定其Vp值、升温曲线的斜率 fh 值、失水率以及过氧化物酶活力的变化特点。结果表明 ,3种鱼中罗非鱼肌肉升温速度最快 ,鲤最慢 ;罗非鱼肌肉过氧化物酶完全失活所需的Vp值最高 ;随加热温度升高 ,鲢失水率增加最多 ,而罗非鱼变化最小。在巴氏杀菌条件下 ,不同鱼类肌肉失水率对加热温度、Vp值变化的敏感性存在较大差异。因此 ,在生产中应根据加热温度、Vp、失水率等参数合理制定各鱼种相应的巴氏杀菌工艺条件     

N-乙酰L-半胱氨酸预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制

制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注实验模型,通过N-乙酰L-半胱氨酸（NAC）预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,探索脑梗死病理过程及药物治疗途径。NAC预处理21d,利用栓线法建立大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型,造模后24h进行神经症状评分,TTC染色,检测血浆MDA、GSH含量,观察大脑皮质细胞凋亡情况及凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的表达。结果显示,通过神经症状评分和TTC染色判定大鼠局灶性脑缺血实验模型建立成功。与对照组相比,NAC预处理组（100mg·kg^-1）大鼠血浆中MDA含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,GSH含量显著升高（P〈0.05）;NAC模型组细胞凋亡率及Bax/Bcl-2比值明显低于对照组。结果表明,NAC通过改善氧化应激状态,调控凋亡蛋白Bcl-2、Bax表达,从而对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

乙醛、对苯二甲酸、乙二醇对鲢、草鱼的联合毒性

实验按毒性单位1：1：1设计，研究乙醛、对苯二甲酸、乙二醇等化纤污水中主要污染物对鲢、草鱼的稚鱼和幼鱼的联合毒性。实验结果表明，乙醛＋对醛二甲酸＋乙二醇对鲢的稚鱼和幼鱼的96hLC50值分别为21300．6和27438.8mg/L；对草鱼的稚鱼和幼鱼的96gLC50值分别为27387．3和25606．2mg/L。联合毒性效应均表现为相加作用。     

白鲢出血病病原菌的鉴定

从患出血病的白鲢体内分离出两株细菌(编号为水_1、水_2),分别感染健康白鲢,人工复制白鲢出血病获得成功。对这两株细菌进行形态、营养需求、生长特性、以及生化反应等观察,作者认为,水_1菌为产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes);水_2菌为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)。前者隶属于假单胞菌科(Pseudomonaceae),后者隶属于孤菌科(Vibrionaceae)。     

用生长和非特异性免疫力评定异育银鲫维生素C需要量

用维生素 C(Vc)含量为0～1200mg·kg~(-1)的精制饲料,连续投喂异育银鲫8周后,测定异育银鲫生长速度和非特异性免疫指标。结果表明,在饲料Vc含量达150mg·kg~(-1)时日增重率最大,进一步提高饲料Vc含量,日增重率没有显著变化;饲料Vc含量为75mg·kg~(-1)时头肾指数显著提高,而脾指数不受饲料Vc含量的影响;头肾细胞吞噬活性和A花环率均在Vc含量为300mg·kg~(-1)时达最高水平;而血清溶菌酶活性和总补体活性分别在饲料Vc为300mg·kg~(-1)和600mg·kg~(-1)时达最高值。上述结果表明饲料Vc可显著提高异育银鲫免疫力。鉴于Vc的免疫促进作用,建议在疾病多发季节饲料Vc添加量提高到300mg·kg~(-1)。     

低盐水体南美白对虾与鲢鳙鱼混养的试验

在6口低盐淡水(盐度2～10)池塘中放养体长0 8～1 0cm的南美白对虾(Penaeusvan namei)(30万尾/hm2),其中三口塘再放养鲢(Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix)、鳙(Aristichthysno bilis)夏花(体长2 0～3 0cm)(1500尾/hm2,鲢:鳙=1:1)。鱼、虾分别精养90d和60d。混养池塘中对虾的成活率(24 6%)为单养池(9 1%)的2 7倍,产量(800 0±86 7)kg/hm2为单养池的3 2倍;鱼产量为(93 9±7 9)kg/hm2,鳙的出塘规格大于鲢,产量高于鲢。混养池塘水中氨氮、亚硝态氮和溶解氧含量低;透明度和活性磷含量高;pH值波动幅度小。     

Effects of paraquat treatment on fish transaminase molecular subforms

The effects of paraquat (PQ; 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridylium dichloride) treatment were investigated in carp, silver carp and wels. The serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT; L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1.) level was enhanced by 50% at 1 ppm exposure and by 100% at 10 ppm exposure in all species, and there was a change in the distribution of the molecular subforms of GOT in the liver and heart. The activities of the individual subforms decreased with increasing PQ concentration or after a longer exposure. In some cases, one of the subforms was no longer present in the liver. An increased serum GOT activity, a decreased enzyme activity in different organs and the disappearance of molecular subform indicate tissue damage.