Manufacturing Different Diet Sizes and Its Effect on Pellet Water Stability and Growth of Three Size Classes of Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract

A feed manufacturing method involving the production of large pellets followed by crumbling to desired diet sizes was used to produce six shrimp diets to determine its effect on growth of three size classes of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The six diets containing 45% protein were 0.7 mm crumble, 1.2 mm crumble, 1.7 mm crumble, 2.2 mm crumble, 2.6 mm crumble, and 3.0 mm pellet. These diets were fed to three size classes of shrimp subjected to a four-week growth trial under indoor laboratory conditions. Stocking density was 12 shrimp/aquarium for size class 1 (1.13iö.01 g), 9 shrimp/aquarium for size class 2 (7.31iö.06 g), and 6 shrimp/aquarium for size class 3 (13.12iö. 10 g). Shrimp were fed three times daily and were evaluated for live weight, growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival. Results for shrimp growth appeared to be affected by diet size and pellet water stability. The effects of diet size, however, were more evident on smaller sized shrimp. Weekly growth rates for class 1 and class 2 shrimp indicated significant responses (P < 0.05) to the effects of diet size, while the class 3 shrimp did not show any significant result. The growth rates for both class 1 and class 2 shrimp were lowest at the smallest diet size (0.7 mm crumble) but differed with respect to highest growth rates. The largest diet (3.0 mm pellets) yielded the highest growth rates for class 1 shrimp, while medium sized feed (2.2 mm crumble) produced the best growth for class 2 shrimp. This could be partly attributed to pellet water stability, which had a direct correlation to diet size (r = 0.97). Smaller diet sizes resulting from crumbling larger pellets tend to have lower water stability. The water stability decreased from 82.5% to 76.3% as the 3.0 mm pellets were reduced to 0.7 mm crumbles. Stress cracks are created during crumbling, and surface area to volume ratio are increased as larger particles are reduced to crumbles. These would make smaller diet particles more susceptible to disintegration and nutrient leaching. For class 3 shrimp, the largest pellets produced the highest growth rate. This high growth value, however, was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from growth results produced by the crumbled feed sizes. This observation suggests that diet sizes ranging from 0.7 mm crumble to 3.0 mm pellet could be used for a 13 g shrimp, although preference would be given to larger pellets due to higher growth performance and better pellet water stability. Results for shrimp live weights were similar to results obtained for weekly growth rates. FCR and survival of all shrimp sizes did not show any significant response from the effects of various diet sizes. However, larger shrimp were less efficient in their diet utilization than smaller shrimp.     

亚热带水产养殖寒灾预警系统的设计与实现

通过对亚热带水产养殖现状的分析，论述了亚热带水产养殖寒灾预警系统建设的必要性、研究的目标和任务，详细介绍了系统的结构和框架，以及亚热带水产养殖寒灾预警的几个关键问题及其解决方法。     

仓底混合和仓顶缓释熏蒸筒仓试验

用磷化氢、二氧化碳仓外筒仓底部施药，并结合仓顶缓释投药熏蒸储粮进行试验。结果表明，在未用环流、通风设备等设施的情况下，采用此方法熏蒸高度20m以下的筒仓，可有效地防治储存小麦中的谷蠹RizoperthadominicaFabricius、玉米象SitophiluszeamaisMotschulusky等储粮害虫，具有投资少，操作简便，防治效果好等特点。     

Urocortin,a novel peptide of the corticotropin releasing hormone family

Urocortin, a novel peptide of the cortiotropin releasiong hormone (CRH) family, was discovered in 1995 in the rat brain and subsequently cloned and localized to human chromosome 2. It can bind to both CRH type 1 receptor and CRH type 2 receptor, as well as CRH binding protein. Especially to CRH type 2 receptor, urocortin binds to it with 40 times more potency than CRH does. Therefore, urocortin is thought to be an en dogenous ligand for CRH type 2 receptor. Immunoreactive urocortin and urocortin mRNA were localized in many areas such as mammalian brain, cardiovascular system, placenta. It is believed that urocortinmay play important physiological roles as a neuropeptide not only in the central nervous system but also in peripheral tissues.     

Nematopsis marinus n. sp., a new septate gregarine from cultured penaeoid shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), in Ecuador

The septate gregarine Nematopsis marinus n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cephaline) heavily infected the midgut of cultured Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in Ecuador. It is morphologically similar to other species of the genera Nematopsis, but it can be distinguished from them, by having gamonts with a prominent hemispherical protomerite that contained numerous refractile granules and unusual strong gliding movement. There is evidence that shrimp acquired the infection in the ponds, as larval or postlarval stages do not showed infection. Juveniles and adult shrimp had a prevalence and intensity of infection ranging from 50% to 80% and 10 to > 5000 parasites respectively. When voided from the gut, the gregarine keep alive in seawater. This gregarine have been associated with the marine environment and there are no records of this species in low salinity waters or freshwater. Results suggest that N. marinus could have most of the life cycle of the species within the host L. vannamei.     

Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets

Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted with juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) to compare the growth and performance of animals fed a series of experimental and commercial pelleted shrimp and fish feeds and dietary feeding regimes within an indoor running-water culture system and an outdoor zero-water-exchange culture system. The best overall shrimp growth performance was observed for animals fed the experimental shrimp diet and all-day feeding regime under outdoor zero-water-exchange culture conditions. Final body weight and average weekly growth rate under these conditions were 2.8 and 3.4 times greater, respectively, than animals of similar size fed with the same diet under indoor running-water culture conditions. Although direct comparison between indoor and outdoor culture systems is difficult because of the lower indoor water temperatures, and consequently lower mean daily feed intake of animals, it is believed that the higher growth and feed performance of animals reared under outdoor `green-water' culture conditions was primarily due to their ability to obtain additional nutrients from food organisms endogenously produced within the zero-water-exchange culture system. The most promising features of zero-water-exchange culture systems are that they offer increased biosecurity, reduced feed costs and water use for the farmer, and by doing so provide a potential avenue of moving the shrimp culture industry along a path of greater sustainability and environmental compatibility.     

~(60)Coγ辐照对光肩星天牛雄虫繁殖生物学的影响

研究了γ射线辐照处理对野生和实验室饲养的光肩星天牛雄虫的繁殖生物学特征和田间纱笼释放交尾竞争能力的影响。结果表明,110Gy辐照处理的野生和实验室饲养的雄虫与野生雌虫交尾后所产卵的孵化率分别平均降低到3.4%和0;野生和试验室饲养雄虫适宜的辐照剂量率分别为1.75Gy/min和1.40Gy/min;在释放比为5∶1的田间纱笼实验条件下,能有效降低卵的孵化率。     

盐度突变对凡纳滨对虾组织碳酸酐酶活性的影响

采用改进的△pH法检测凡纳滨对虾组织碳酸酐酶活性,监测了环境盐度从5突变到25后对虾鳃和触角腺组织碳酸酐酶活性及其血淋巴渗透浓度的动态变化。结果表明:(1)鳃组织碳酸酐酶活性在盐度突变后4 d内没有显著变化,活性水平在(21.68±1.25)μmol CO2/(mg.min),第5~11天有显著性的增高现象,在第10天活性最高,为(43.03±2.82)μmol CO2/(mg.min),第12天回落至起始水平;(2)触角腺碳酸酐酶活性动态变化的模式与鳃相似,起始增高时间比鳃晚6 d;(3)触角腺碳酸酐酶活性显著增高起始的时间与鳃组织碳酸酐酶活性开始显著下降的时间有关联性;(4)在低盐度时,凡纳滨对虾属于强高渗调变生物。     

沿海地区对虾工厂化养殖调研与分析

为了研究对虾工厂化养殖发展现状,解决存在的技术难点和问题,对我国沿海对虾工厂化养殖过程中所采用的工艺流程、水质净化处理、增氧方式、设施设备、经济效益等进行现场调研和分析,结果表明:对虾工厂化养殖模式基本采用"水泥池+温室大棚"为核心的精养模式,经济效益较好,但还存在曝气设备能耗过高、废水多数得不到有效处理等问题。     

简易过滤装置对罗氏沼虾亲虾越冬池水质的净化作用

于1993年3－4月在南汇县东海水产养殖公司罗氏沼虾育苗厂，以自制简易循环过滤装置对罗氏沼虾亲虾池水质进行净化处理。经一个月的试验，试验池水的NH3-N、NO2-N与COD值分别为对照地的32％、33％与63％；此3种指标的去除率分别为44％－62％、58％－69％与16％－19％；碎螺狮壳、沙与石子等滤料的平均净化率为16g／m3·h，活性炭为6g／m3·h。简易过滤装置可有效地净化亲虾池水质，提高亲虾养殖密度与成活率。