不同种类真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的防治效果

为了筛选小麦黄矮病的真菌多糖防治药剂及其适宜浓度,将云芝、灵芝、虫草等13种真菌多糖稀释成0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0g·L-1溶液,以清水为对照,比较分析了叶面喷施真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的预防和治疗效果,同时对防效好的1.1%云芝葡聚糖(多糖)与常规植物抗病毒药剂的田间防效进行了比较。结果表明,13种真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的预防作用都显著高于治疗作用,且真菌多糖间和浓度间差异均显著,其中云芝多糖1.0g·L-1、云芝多糖2.0g·L-1、蜜环菌多糖2.0g·L-1、灰树花多糖2.0g·L-1、猪苓多糖2.0g·L-1的预防效果分别为86.88%、86.58%、86.33%、86.04%和85.97%。1.1%云芝葡聚糖800倍液为适宜喷施浓度,其防效64.27%,保产22.70%,说明云芝多糖是一种有前途的新型小麦黄矮病免疫抑制剂。     

杂交中稻广两优香5的营养特性与施肥效应研究

采用田间试验的方法,研究了杂交中稻广两优香5的营养特性与施肥效应。结果表明,在生育前期广两优香5对氮、磷需求量大,中后期钾素吸收增加;养分对其产量构成因子的影响上表现为氮钾磷;结合模拟的最佳施肥量和经济施肥量,推荐了江汉平原地区中等肥力条件下的施肥量为氮170~200 kg/hm2、磷70~100 kg/hm2、钾105~135 kg/hm2。     

不同药剂防治中稻稻飞虱简比试验

通过对不同药剂防治中稻稻飞虱进行对比试验,筛选出25%吡蚜酮、10%醚菊酯2种药剂,其防治效果最佳。     

萘二甲酐减轻咪唑乙烟酸对油菜药害的效果和解毒机理初报

采用模拟咪唑乙烟酸土壤残留,以油菜盆栽试验研究萘二甲酐对咪唑乙烟酸土壤残留的解毒效果和解毒机理。结果表明,咪唑乙烟酸25g ai/hm2用量下对油菜有较重药害,可使油菜苗的株高、鲜重等生长指标和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）活力、氨基酸含量等生理指标明显降低。用种子重量0.5%萘二甲酐（NA）湿润拌种处理油菜种子能减轻咪唑乙烟酸对油菜苗的药害。萘二甲酐+咪唑乙烟酸处理的油菜苗株高和鲜重明显高于咪唑乙烟酸处理。萘二甲酐和咪唑乙烟酸都能导致油菜苗的氨基酸含量发生变化,并对GSH含量和GST活力有不同程度的影响。与咪唑乙烟酸25g ai/hm2处理相比,萘二甲酐加入咪唑乙烟酸后,使16种氨基酸含量升高,只有脯氨酸含量降低,氨基酸总量升高;GSH含量略有增加,但GST活力有显著提高。可以认为提高油菜苗氨基酸含量和GST的活力是萘二甲酐对咪唑乙烟酸解毒的重要途径。     

Ochracenoids A and B,Guaiazulene-Based Analogues from Gorgonian Anthogorgia ochracea Collected from the South China Sea

Two new guaiazulene-based analogues, ochracenoids A (1) and B (2), along with four known analogues (3–6), were isolated from the gorgonian Anthogorgia ochracea collected from the South China Sea. The planar structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined as 3R by the comparison of TDDFT calculated electronic circular dichroism with its experimental spectrum. Compound 1 is a rare guaiazulene-based analogue possessing a unique C₁₆ skeleton. The possible generation process of 1 through an intermolecular one-carbon-transfer reaction was also discussed. Compound 2 was previously described as a presumed intermediate involved in the biogenesis of anthogorgienes A and I. Compound 3 exhibited antiproliferative effects on the embryo development of zebrafish Danio rerio.     

Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Effects of Diterpenes Isolated from the Marine Alga,Dictyota menstrualis

Cardiovascular diseases represent a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Therapeutics are available, but they often have unsatisfactory results and may produce side effects. Alternative treatments based on the use of natural products have been extensively investigated, because of their low toxicity and side effects. Marine organisms are prime candidates for such products, as they are sources of numerous and complex substances with ecological and pharmacological effects. In this work, we investigated, through in vitro experiments, the effects of three diterpenes (pachydictyol A, isopachydictyol A and dichotomanol) from the Brazilian marine alga, Dictyota menstrualis, on platelet aggregation and plasma coagulation. Results showed that dichotomanol inhibited ADP- or collagen-induced aggregation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), but failed to inhibit washed platelets (WP). In contrast, pachydictyol A and isopachydictyol A failed to inhibit the aggregation of PRP, but inhibited WP aggregation induced by collagen or thrombin. These diterpenes also inhibited coagulation analyzed by the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time and on commercial fibrinogen. Moreover, diterpenes inhibited the catalytic activity of thrombin. Theoretical studies using the Osiris Property Explorer software showed that diterpenes have low theoretical toxicity profiles and a drug-score similar to commercial anticoagulant drugs. In conclusion, these diterpenes are promising candidates for use in anticoagulant therapy, and this study also highlights the biotechnological potential of oceans and the importance of bioprospecting to develop medicines.     

Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering for Marine Carotenoids: New Opportunities and Future Prospects

Carotenoids are a class of diverse pigments with important biological roles such as light capture and antioxidative activities. Many novel carotenoids have been isolated from marine organisms to date and have shown various utilizations as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. In this review, we summarize the pathways and enzymes of carotenoid synthesis and discuss various modifications of marine carotenoids. The advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology for carotenoid production are also reviewed, in hopes that this review will promote the exploration of marine carotenoid for their utilizations.     

利用蜘蛛防治稻飞虱的技术及防效研究

为测定应用人工饲养的蜘蛛防治稻飞虱的防治效果及实施该技术的可行性,项目组连续3 a人工饲养并释放蜘蛛,测定了蛛虱比、稻株的被害情况等指标,结果表明,以5 m2为单位,放蛛50、80、150三个不同密度的粽管巢蛛,10 d后防效均可达到84%以上,效果显著。     

磷肥在旱地红壤上的后期效应及其作用机制

红壤地区施入的磷肥很容易被吸附固定而留存于土壤中,降低磷肥利用效率,留存于土壤中的磷对土壤生态功能和作物养分供应的后续效应值得关注。基于旱地红壤长期施肥定位试验,探讨常规施肥处理（CK）以及短期施入不同磷肥量（P2O5,0、50、100、150和1 000 kg·hm-2）多年后土壤养分、土壤氮循环过程和作物产量的变化特征。通过多元统计分析方法探讨不同磷肥处理下,土壤全碳、全氮和微生物生物量碳和氮转化过程的潜在速率以及产量等因子间的相互关系及其与磷的后期效应的关系。结果表明,在短期投入高剂量磷肥（1 000 kg·hm-2, P1000）27年后,土壤全碳、全氮和微生物生物量碳与常规施肥处理相比无明显差异,但显著提高了土壤pH和氮循环相关过程速率,包括氮矿化速率（Nitrogen mineralization rate, Nmin）、固氮酶活性（Soil nitrogenase activity, SNA）、潜在硝化速率（Potential nitrification rate, PNR）（P < 0.05）,同时降低了净N2O排放潜能（Net N2O production rate, NN2O）（P < 0.05）。与不施磷（P0）和短期投入低剂量磷肥处理（50,100,150 kg·hm-2）相比,P1000处理中,土壤有效磷（AP）、氮矿化速率、固氮酶活性、潜在硝化速率和潜在N2O产生速率（PN2O）分别增加了33.3%～76.4%、88.2%～388.1%、111.4%～4 826.3%、22.6%～152.4%和13.8%～78.9%（P < 0.05）,同时净N2O排放潜能也降低了64.6%～78.9%（P < 0.05）,表现出明显的磷后效,且在作物生长季更为明显。相关分析和冗余分析表明AP和pH是影响以上土壤生物化学活性最主要的因子。近三年作物平均产量在所有处理中无显著差异,但与土壤TP、AP和pH呈显著正相关;但在长期尺度上（1992—2019年）,P1000处理相对于其他低磷处理累积增产效应达3%～23%。以上结果表明,酸性红壤中短期大量施用磷肥多年后,由于大量磷肥投入导致的土壤pH提升和磷的缓释效应,使得磷肥在促进土壤肥力、微生物活性和土壤氮循环转化活性方面表现出较明显的后期效应。     

高能碳离子束辐射对玉米当代的生物学效应

为了研究高能碳离子诱变对玉米的影响,本研究利用高能碳离子处理昌7-2和PH6WC两个玉米自交系,分析当代植株的出苗率、株高、穗位高等表型,测定收获后的籽粒性状。结果表明,经高能碳离子辐射后,两个玉米自交系的出苗率显著降低,且在高剂量辐射下两个玉米自交系在2019年均有降低。植株表型分析结果发现,在2019年,昌7-2和PH6WC在40~100 Gy辐射下株高显著下降;在2020年,PH6WC在150 Gy辐射下穗位高显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在60~100 Gy辐射下穗位高显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在80~100 Gy辐射下叶夹角增大;在2019年,昌7-2在40、100 Gy辐射下叶长显著降低,PH6WC在100 Gy辐射下叶长和叶宽显著下降;在2019年,昌7-2在80 Gy辐射下叶宽显著增加,在20 Gy辐射下雄穗分枝显著增加,而100 Gy辐射下雄穗分枝显著降低。在籽粒性状中,高剂量(60~100 Gy)辐射下的粒厚显著增加,粒长降低但百粒重有所增加,昌7-2比PH6WC更为明显。由上述结果可知,不同玉米种质的不同性状对高能碳离子的诱变处理效应存在差异,40~60 Gy是昌7-2较为适宜的诱变剂量,而PH6WC较为适宜的剂量为60~80 Gy。本研究结果可为玉米种子的高能碳离子诱变剂量筛选提供一定的理论依据。