Two-decadal trends in aboveground litterfall and net primary production in self-thinning Pinus banksiana stands in Wood Buffalo National Park,NWT, Canada

We estimated the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in five self-thinning jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stands in Wood Buffalo National Park, NWT, Canada. The stands (11 to ca.175 years old) were selected to examine the relationship between stand density and tree size and its effect on carbon dynamics. Aboveground litterfall was collected from each stand from 1997 to 2012. Stand biomass was estimated by measuring tree size every 5 years and estimating the individual mass using allometric relationships. ANPP was then estimated by summing the litterfall mass, dead stem mass increment and stand biomass increment. We determined the proportional contribution of each organ to the total litter and the seasonal pattern of needle litterfall. There was a lower turnover rate of aboveground biomass in older stands than younger stands. The ANPP increased in the youngest stand (<30 years old) showed a decreasing trend in stands >50 years old. The maximum ANPP was estimated to be ca. 500?g m^?2 year^?1 in dry matter, which was found in 30–50 year-old stands.     

SMAD1基因的沉默和过表达及对秦川牛原代成肌细胞生肌的影响

【目的】为了探索秦川牛（Bos taurus）SMAD1基因在成肌细胞分化过程中的分子作用机制,通过研究沉默、过表达该基因后对牛原代成肌细胞分化及成肌相关基因表达量的影响,以期为BMP信号通路在牛肌肉组织生长发育过程中的作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】根据Genbank牛SMAD1（NM_001077107.2）已知序列设计并合成靶向沉默SMAD1基因的干扰序列siSMAD1和阴性对照siRNA-NC。以秦川牛原代成肌细胞cDNA为模板,利用PCR技术克隆获得SMAD1基因CDS序列,构建腺病毒过表达穿梭载体pDC316-mCMV-EGFP-bSMAD1。将腺病毒基因组质粒和腺病毒载体穿梭质粒共转染到HEK 293细胞中,通过Cre-loxp重组酶获得重组腺病毒。获得的携带目的基因的腺病毒标记为AD-bSMAD1,重组质粒pDC316-EGFP标记为AD-NC,用做对照组病毒,利用LaSRT法测定腺病毒的滴度。将获得的干扰序列siSMAD1和过表达腺病毒AD-bSMAD1分别侵染秦川牛原代成肌细胞,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测SMAD1基因和成肌标志基因MyoD、Myf5、MyoG的mRNA水平,并观察对细胞分化融合情况的影响。【结果】成功获得了1条能有效沉默SMAD1基因siRNA,将其转染秦川牛原代成肌细胞后进行人工诱导分化,相比对照组,SMAD1基因分别下调了75.4%（诱导1d,P<0.01）、66.7%（诱导3d,P<0.01）、60.0%（诱导6d,P<0.01）、54.7%（诱导9d,P<0.01）。此外,还成功构建了秦川牛SMAD1基因的腺病毒过表达穿梭载体,获得了滴度为1×10 ¹⁰pfu/mL的过表达重组腺病毒AD-bSMAD1。与对照组相比,高滴度过表达病毒AD-bSMAD1侵染秦川牛原代成肌细胞0、1、3、6、9d后,与对照组相比,SMAD1基因的表达水平分别上调了2.10倍（诱导1d）、3.19倍（诱导3d）、105.3倍（诱导3d）,P<0.01）和144倍（诱导9d,P<0.01）;结合肌管形成过程的变化和实时荧光定量结果证明,SMAD1基因促进原代成肌细胞分化和肌管形成,并显著上调成肌标志基因MyoD、Myf5、MyoG的表达。 【结论】获得了能有效沉默秦川牛原代成肌细胞SMAD1表达的特异性的干扰序列siSMAD1,以及可成功实现过表达SMAD1基因的腺病毒介导的体外表达载体,可正向调控成肌细胞的分化和肌管形成过程。     

Environmental controls on photosynthetic production and ecosystem respiration in semi-arid grasslands of Mongolia

The Mongolian steppe zone comprises a major part of East Asian grasslands. The objective of this study was to separately evaluate the quantitative dependencies of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco) on the environmental variables of temperature, moisture, radiation, and plant biomass in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem. We determined GPP and R_eco using transparent and opaque closed chambers in a grassland dominated by Poaceae species in central Mongolia during five periods: July 2004, May 2005, July 2005, September 2005, and June 2006. Values of GPP were linearly related to live aboveground biomass (AGB) enclosed by the chamber. The amount of GPP per unit ground area differed among the study periods, whereas GPP normalized by the amount of AGB did not differ significantly among the periods, suggesting that plant production per unit green biomass did not depend on the phenological stage. GPP/AGB fit well a rectangular hyperbolic light–response curve for all the study periods. When the air and soil were dry, considerable reduction in GPP was observed. The GPP/AGB ratio was also expressed as individual functions of air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and volumetric soil water content. R_eco was exponentially related to the soil temperature and the relationship was modified by soil moisture. The amount of R_eco and its temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) declined with decreasing soil moisture. Sharp increases of R_eco after rainfall events were observed. The values of R_eco, even including the rain-induced pulses, were expressed well as a bivariate function of soil temperature and soil moisture near the soil surface.     

化学强化初沉污泥厌氧消化产甲烷潜力研究

该试验以化学强化初沉污泥为研究对象,采用中温/高温(35℃/55℃)厌氧消化方法,研究采用化学一级强化处理工艺(CEPT)产生的化学强化初沉污泥厌氧消化产甲烷效果,并对比化学强化初沉污泥在中温、高温工况的厌氧消化产甲烷性能,明确适合化学强化初沉污泥的处理工艺.研究结果表明,化学强化初沉污泥单位VSS累积产甲烷量和VSS...     

南疆植被总初级生产力对区域降水的响应规律

为研究总初级生产力(Gross primary productivity,GPP)对区域降水的响应规律,本研究通过对南疆地区喀什、阿克苏、和田3个市2000—2014年的GPP进行分析,得出GPP的时空分布规律,进而与2000—2011年同期的降水进行耦合分析,以探寻植被GPP与降水之间的响应关系,从而为南疆地区植被生态保持和可持续发展提供依据。结果表明:1)从时间尺度来看,GPP呈现出与季节相关的波动性,年均GPP的极值点基本出现在每年的7月;2)在空间分布上,和田地区的GPP在空间上呈现北低南高的空间格局,阿克苏地区的GPP呈现北高南低的空间格局,并且在数值上存在较大的差异性,喀什地区的GPP呈现北高南低的空间格局,西北部GPP分布比较集中并有较高的值;3)变化趋势上,和田地区呈现上升趋势、阿克苏地区整体比较稳定、喀什地区呈现上升的趋势;4)研究区域内GPP与降水之间均为正相关关系。当降水滞后1个月时,和田及喀什GPP与降水之间的相关系数显著提高,但是阿克苏地区没有表现出时滞性,说明响应关系更加明显。     

内蒙古苏木山华北落叶松生物量及碳储量研究

森林生物量、碳储量是评价森林生长状况的重要指标。通过野外样地调查及室内烘干称重等方法,研究了苏木山林场不同林龄华北落叶松人工林乔木层、灌木层、草本层生物量以及乔木层净生产力、碳储量积累特点和变化趋势。结果表明:幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林平均木的生物量分别为26.41 kg、32.70 kg、107.81 kg;林分生物量分别为43.66 t·hm^-2、79.88 t·hm^-2、125.83 t·hm^-2;灌木层和草本层生物量之和分别为1.44 t·hm^-2、1.19 t·hm^-2、0.95 t·hm^-2;乔木层净第一生产力分别为2.56 t·hm^-2·a^-1、3.07 t·hm^-2·a^-1、3.40 t·hm^-2·a^-1,碳储量分别为22.20 t·hm^-2、40.55 t·hm^-2、63.80 t·hm^-2。苏木山华北落叶松人工林生物量、碳储量随林龄增加而增大,各器官碳储量从大到小依次为干>根>枝>皮>叶。     

Responses in gross primary production of Stipa krylovii and Allium polyrhizum to a temporal rainfall in a temperate grassland of Inner Mongolia,China

In the arid and semi-arid areas of China, rainfall and drought affect the growth and photosynthetic activities of plants. Gross primary productivity (GPP) is one of the most important indices that measure the photosynthetic ability of plants. This paper focused on the GPP of two representative grassland species (Stipa krylovii Roshev. and Allium polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel) to demonstrate the effect of a temporal rainfall on the two species. Our research was conducted in a temperate grassland in New Barag Right Banner, Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, in a dry year 2015. We measured net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and ecosystem respiration flux (ER) using a transparent chamber system and monitored the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air and soil temperature and humidity simultaneously. Based on the measured values of NEP and ER, we calculated the GPP of the two species before and after the rainfall. The saturated GPP per aboveground biomass (GPP_AGB) of A. polyrhizum remarkably increased from 0.033 (±0.018) to 0.185 (±0.055) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s) by 5.6-fold and that of S. krylovii decreased from 0.068 (±0.021) to 0.034 (±0.011) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s) by 0.5-fold on the 1^st and 2^nd d after a 9.1 mm rainfall event compared to the values before the rainfall at low temperatures below 35°C. However, on the 1^st and 2^nd d after the rainfall, both of the saturated GPP_AGB values of S. krylovii and A. polyrhizum were significantly lower at high temperatures above 35°C (0.018 (±0.007) and 0.110 (±0.061) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s), respectively) than at low temperatures below 35°C (0.034 (±0.011) and 0.185 (±0.055) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s), respectively). The results showed that the GPP responses to the temporal rainfall differed between S. krylovii and A. polyrhizum and strongly negative influenced by temperature. The temporal rainfall seems to be more effective on the GPP of A. polyrhizum than S. krylovii. These differences might be related to the different physiological and structural features, the coexistence of the species and their species-specific survival strategies.     

局部高浓度硝酸盐供应对玉米根系 形态及氮累积的影响

以郑单958和鲁单981为研究对象，进行水培分根试验，在正常供水和水分胁迫条件下，分别以均匀低浓度硝酸盐处理主根和种子根(LPR-LSR)、局部高浓度硝酸盐处理主根（HPR-LSR）和局部高浓度硝酸盐处理种子根（LPR-HSR），测定分析根系形态、生物量以及氮含量。结果表明：与氮低效鲁单981相比，氮高效郑单958具有较高的主根根长、根表面积、根系生物量、地上部生物量和氮累积量。水分胁迫条件下，郑单958和鲁单981的主根的根长、根表面积、根体积、地上部生物量和氮累积量总体上均低于正常水分条件。玉米主根和种子根对局部高浓度硝酸盐的反应存在差异。与均匀低浓度硝酸盐处理相比，局部高浓度硝酸盐处理促进正常水分条件下主根和种子根根系的生长，尤其是根长和根系表面积；在正常水分条件下，主根根长和根系表面积增加幅度范围为6.8%~27.3%和1.9%~21.9%，除HPR-LSR处理条件下的郑单958外，种子根根长和根系表面积增加幅度范围为30.4%~92.7%和10.5%~135.1%；在水分胁迫条件下，主根根长和表面积增加幅度范围为24.6%~152.9%和62.1%~229.9%，然而种子根根长降低了10.0%~29.9%，表明水分胁迫会影响种子根对高浓度硝酸盐的响应。除水分胁迫条件下LPR-HSR处理外，局部高浓度处理可同时增加两侧根系的生物量和氮累积量。无论是正常供水还是水分胁迫，与LPR-LSR处理相比，局部高浓度硝酸盐供应均能够增加地上部生物量以及氮累积量，在LPR-HSR处理条件下，增加幅度范围分别在35.0% ~107.9%和162.9%~291.1%，在HPR-LSR处理条件下分别为56.7%~109.4%和204.1%~377.0%，HPR-LSR处理条件下增加幅度较大，表明在氮素非均匀分布环境中，当主根处于高浓度硝酸盐区域时将会更显著促进生物量的增加和氮累积。     

内蒙古不同类型草地NPP时空动态特征及其气候影响因素分析

为揭示内蒙古不同类型草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空动态,探究其与气候因子的相关性,利用2001～2016年遥感数据,气象数据和20世纪80年代中国草地分类数据,采用光能利用率(CASA)模型,模拟获取2001～2016年内蒙古草地NPP,并分析了不同类型草地NPP的时空动态及其对气候因子的响应。结果表明:(1)2001～2016年,内蒙古草地年均NPP为163.9 gC/(m^2·a),空间上呈现东北部高西南部低的特征,年均NPP总量为31.6 TgC/a(1Tg=10¹²g);(2)试验的16年,内蒙古草地年均NPP呈增加趋势增加量为2.1 gC/(m^2·a),年际波动较大;(3)温性草甸草原、热性草丛、低地草甸、山地草甸和沼泽的年均NPP呈显著增加趋势,其他5类呈显著减少趋势;(4)NPP与年均温和年总降水量的相关系数分别为-0.01和0.4;(5)除温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠外,其他类型草地NPP均与温度呈负相关关系,所有类型草地NPP与降水量均呈正相关关系。降水是影响内蒙古草地NPP最主要的气候因子。