Evaluation of the carryover effect of antibiotic,bee pollen and propolis on growth performance,carcass traits and splenic and hepatic histology of growing rabbits

Sixty‐four nulliparous female rabbits were distributed among eight groups (eight animals/group). Group one was the unsupplemented control group; the other seven groups were supplemented with zinc bacitracin (ZnB) at 100 mg, or bee pollen (BP) and/or propolis (Pro) at 150 and 300 mg in a capsulated form, three times a week, day after day, continuously all over the experimental period. The experiment was run for eight parties; at each parity, 28 kids of each doe group (a total of 224 rabbits) were divided into two subgroups weaned, respectively, at 24 and 30 days of age. Thus, for each parity, there were 16 groups (eight does treatments × two weaning age, 14 rabbits per group). The growing rabbits fed the standard diets without supplements. The growth performance, the carcass traits, the liver and the spleen histology of rabbits were checked up to 90 days of age to find possible carryover effects of the supplements. The supplements had no significant effect on most of the growth performance at 90 days of age, but BP150 and BP+Pro300 increased the growth rate in comparison with ZnB group. The liver weight in the control, BP300 and Pro300 groups was higher than the ZnB one. The spleen weight was higher in the groups ZnB, BP150, Pro300 and BP+Pro300, followed by the control, BP300 and BP+Pro150 and thus Pro150. The heart % in the BP150 and Pro300 groups was higher than ZnB and BP+Pro150 groups. A lymphoid hyperplasia of splenic white pulp was observed in the BP+Pro groups, while propolis alone showed a mild activation of lymphobiosis. The Pro and BP groups showed the same picture of the control group exhibiting a hydropic degeneration of mostly hepatic cells, while the ZnB group exhibited adverse effect on the bile ducts featuring portal periductal inflammatory cells infiltration with epithelial hyperplasia reflecting chronic cholangitis.     

IOHEXOL AND IOPAMIDOL MYELOGRAPHY IN THE DOG: A CLINICAL TRIAL COMPARING ADVERSE EFFECTS AND MYELOGRAPHIC QUALITY

In a blind clinical trial, adverse effects after iohexol and iopamidol myelography were evaluated in 151 dogs. Eighty-one dogs were given iohexol (240 mgI/ml) and 70 dogs were given iopamidol (200 mgI/ml) by pre-determined assignment. Each dog was evaluated postmyelographically for seizures, hyperthermia, prolonged recovery from anesthesia and intensification of pre-existing neural signs. Myelographic quality was evaluated with a subjective scoring method. In comparing iohexol and iopamidol groups, there was not a statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects or in myelographic quality. Iopamidol and iohexol appeared to be equally efficacious for routine canine myelography.     

猪附红细胞体感染对仔猪猪瘟免疫效果的影响

为探讨猪附红细胞体对仔猪猪瘟免疫效果的影响,本试验利用猪瘟抗体检测ELISA试剂盒,对已注射猪瘟疫苗的69头感染猪附红细胞体的仔猪和31头无猪附红细胞体感染的健康仔猪进行了猪瘟抗体检测。结果表明,感染猪附红细胞体仔猪的猪瘟抗体水平低下,其猪瘟疫苗整体免疫合格率(49·2%)明显低于健康仔猪(93·5%),且显性感染仔猪的免疫合格率(41·6%)明显低于隐性感染仔猪(53·5%)。说明猪附红细胞体严重干扰了猪瘟疫苗的免疫效果,且干扰程度与猪附红细胞体的感染程度呈正相关。     

复方罗红霉素可溶性粉对鸡葡萄球菌病的疗效试验

采用人工诱发的病理模型,按推荐剂量治疗,验证复方罗红霉素可溶性粉对鸡(试验时30日龄)葡萄球菌病的疗效.试验结果表明,复方罗红霉素可溶性粉对鸡葡萄球菌病有很好的治疗效果,有效率达96.7%;推荐剂量治疗组的死亡率极显著地低于感染对照组(P<0.01);推荐剂量治疗组与健康对照组的增重差异不显著(P>0.05),但极显著高于感染对照组(P<0.01).     

体外产气法评价青海高原反刍家畜常用粗饲料组合效应

采用体外产气法评价青海高原反刍家畜的3种常用粗饲料青贮玉米（Zea mays）秸秆、苜蓿（Medicago sativa）青干草和燕麦（Arrhenatherum elatius）青干草按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0的比例两两组合时的发酵特性。结果表明,理论最大产气量、48 h产气量分别与中性洗涤可溶物/粗蛋白（NDS/CP）（P＜0.001）、有机物（OM）（P＜0.01）,中性洗涤可溶物（NDS）（P＜0.05）呈正相关关系,分别与酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）（P＜0.001）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）（P＜0.05）和粗蛋白（CP）（P＜0.05）呈负相关关系;产气速率常数分别与OM（P＜0.001）、NDS（P＜0.001）和NDS/CP（P＜0.01）呈正相关关系,分别与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关关系（P＜0.001）;产气延滞时间与ADF（P＜0.01）和NDF（P＜0.05）呈正相关关系,分别与OM（P＜0.01）、NDS（P＜0.05）和NDS/CP（P＜0.05）呈负相关关系,说明了组合牧草体外发酵产气程度主要受非结构性碳水化合物与粗蛋白比例的影响。3种粗饲料两两组合搭配时,青贮玉米秸秆与苜蓿青干草以25∶75比例、青贮玉米秸秆与燕麦青干草以50∶50比例、苜蓿青干草与燕麦青干草以25∶75或50∶50比例组合时较为合适,且随着发酵时间的延长,各组合均呈现组合效应量逐渐减弱的变化趋势。     

用压力传感器产气技术评定玉米秸秆添补苜蓿的组合效应

采用压力传感器体外产气技术,研究了玉米秸秆添补不同比例0(AH0)、20%(AH20)、40%(AH40)、60%(AH60)、80%(AH80)与100%(AH100)苜蓿(AH)在产气量上的组合效应。各组的组合效应均在24h达到最大值,24h后则随培养时间的延长而下降,但只有AH40组,亦即当苜蓿添加比例占"玉米秸秆-苜蓿"组合的40%时达到显著水准(P<0.05),且以AH40组下降较慢,在48h仍达到显著水准(P<0.05)。就单一的产气指标而言,玉米秸秆添补苜蓿的比例以占整个日粮总量的40%为宜。     

Investigations on potential dietetic effects of lactulose in pigs

Effects of lactulose (lac) as feed additive on chyme and feces quality in pigs (reared piglets: n = 10; fattening pigs: n = 20) were tested. Furthermore, fattening pigs were experimentally infected with Salmonella Derby (orally 2.6 × 10⁸ cfu/pig, single dose infection on 1 day) to examine potential prophylactical effects. Pigs were fed a conventional diet ad libitum (in the control group without lac, in the experimental group including lac: 28.6/26.9 g lac/kg dry matter). In piglets and fattening pigs lac intake did not alter fecal dry matter (DM) content or feces pH. Contrary to findings in human beings only small amounts of lac reached the hindgut, although higher lac concentrations were measured in ileal chyme (in piglets: 10–40 g, in fattening pigs 40–70 g lac/kg DM of chyme). Lac ingestion led neither to increased concentrations of lactic acid or volatile fatty acids (vfa) nor to reduced pH data in chyme of small intestine, but in cecum and colon contents higher vfa concentrations (significant effects in piglets) were measured. Furthermore, lac ingestion resulted in reduced ammonia levels in small and large intestine contents. But no protective effects of lac ingestion were recognized when fattening pigs were infected orally with Salmonella Derby. Due to the fact that only parts of lac reach the hindgut there are doubts, whether lac can lead to comparable dietetic effects in pigs as known from human beings (laxation, forced elimination of bacteria a.s.o.). The obtained results in pigs underline the necessity of experimental studies in the target species before substances are used and recommended for dietetic purposes in feeding of pigs.     

Landscape context and selection for forest edge by breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds

We evaluated support for four alternate hypotheses explaining the distribution of breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in forests at varying distances from the forest edge in three Midwestern USA landscapes with varying amounts of forest fragmentation (core forest area ranged from 5 to 70%). We focused on breeding cowbirds’ use of forest because of the risk of nest parasitism to forest-dwelling hosts and to identify factors affecting breeding cowbird habitat selection. We compared distances of cowbird locations in the forest from the forest edge (“edge distances”) to distances of random forest locations in the entire landscape or within individual cowbird home ranges. We analyzed 1322 locations of 84 cowbirds across three landscapes. We found support for the landscape context hypothesis that breeding cowbird preference for forest edge varied with landscape context. Ninety percent of cowbird locations were within 150–350 m of forest edge, despite the overall availability of forest at greater distances from edge (as far as 500–1450 m) both within cowbird home ranges and the entire forested landscape. Cowbird preference for edge varied by landscape context largely due to differences in the availability of forest edge. In a highly fragmented forest cowbirds utilized the entire forest and likely viewed it as “all edge.” In less fragmented forests, cowbirds preferred edge. We consider how variation in cowbird edge preference might relate to patterns in host abundance, host diversity, and host quality because cowbird movements indicate they are capable of using forest farther from edges.     

Responses of Chilean forest birds to anthropogenic habitat fragmentation across spatial scales

Although it is recognized that anthropogenic forest fragmentation affects habitat use by organisms across multiple spatial scales, there is uncertainty about these effects. We used a hierarchical sampling design spanning three spatial scales of habitat variability (landscape > patch > within-patch) and generalized mixed-effect models to assess the scale-dependent responses of bird species to fragmentation in temperate forests of southern Chile. The abundances of nine of 20 bird species were affected by interactions across spatial scales. These interactions resulted in a limited effect of within-patch habitat structure on the abundance of birds in landscapes with low forest cover, suggesting that suitable local habitats, such as sites with dense understory cover or large trees, are underutilized or remain unused in highly fragmented landscapes. Habitat specialists and cavity-nesters, such as tree-trunk foragers and tapaculos, were most likely to exhibit interactions across spatial scales. Because providing additional sites with dense understory vegetation or large habitat trees does not compensate the negative effect of the loss of forest area on bird species, conservation strategies should ensure the retention of native forest patches in the mixed-use landscapes.     

1种辣椒新炭疽病的初步鉴定及室内药剂筛选

炭疽病是辣椒上的重要病害,影响了辣椒的产量与品质。生产中,在“辛香15号”辣椒上发现了1种新炭疽病,仅在辣椒果实上发生,典型病斑为椭圆形,周围水渍状,中间呈黑色同心轮纹,无小黑点出现,对常用杀菌剂不敏感;保湿后镜检发现,该病菌产生分生孢子盘,无刚毛,分生孢子近长椭圆形,无色,单孢,大小为12．5μm×3．75μm,有油球,一端稍尖;进一步分离培养病原菌并通过柯赫氏法则验证后,初步将其鉴定为尖孢炭疽菌（Collectotrichum acutatum Simmonds）。为了获得对该病效果好的化学药剂,采用牛津杯法测定了8种化学药剂对病菌的抑制效果,结果表明：250g/L丙环唑乳油3000倍液抑制效果最好且药效持续时间长,可作为该病的候选药剂。本试验结果可为防治尖孢炭疽菌引起的辣椒炭疽病提供理论依据和用药参考。