A generic framework to assess the representation and protection of benthic ecosystems in European marine protected areas

1. There is concern across the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) region that a consideration of vulnerable components and the wider support mechanisms underpinning benthic marine ecosystems may be lacking from the process of marine protected area (MPA) designation, management and monitoring.
2. In this study, MPAs across six European ecoregions were assessed from a benthic ecology perspective. The study included 102 MPAs, designated by 10 countries, and focused on three aspects regarding the role of the benthos in: (i) the designation of MPAs; (ii) the management measures used in MPAs; and (iii) the monitoring and assessment of MPAs.
3. Qualitative entries to a questionnaire based on an existing framework (EU project ‘Monitoring Evaluation of Spatially Managed Areas’, (MESMA) were collected by 19 benthic experts of the ICES Benthic Ecology Working Group. A pedigree matrix was used to apply a numerical scale (score) to these entries.
4. The results showed clear differences in scores between ecoregions and between criteria. The designation‐phase criteria generally achieved higher scores than the implementation‐phase criteria. Poor designation‐phase scores were generally reiterated in the implementation‐phase scores, such as scores for assessment and monitoring.
5. Over 70% of the MPA case studies were found to consider the benthos to some extent during selection and designation; however, this was not followed up with appropriate management measures and good practice during the implementation phase.
6. Poor spatial and temporal coverage of monitoring and ineffective indicators is unlikely to pick up changes caused by management measures in the MPA. There is concern that without adequate monitoring and adaptive management frameworks, the MPAs will be compromised. Also, there could be an increased likelihood that, with regard to the benthos, they will fail to meet their conservation objectives.
7. This assessment was successful in highlighting issues related to the representation and protection of the benthos in MPAs and where changes need to be made, such as expanding the characterization and monitoring of benthic species or habitats of interest. These issues could be attributable to an ongoing process and/or an indication that some MPAs only have ‘paper protection’.

     

海水产品贸易对海洋渔业资源环境的影响——以浙江省为例

水产品贸易是浙江省对外贸易中的支柱产业之一,它与海洋渔业资源环境密切相关。文章利用1985￣2004年的数据,分析了水产品出口、渔船数量与海洋捕捞之间的关系,检验结果表明,水产品贸易与海洋捕捞之间成负二次相关关系,说明随着水产品贸易的发展,海洋捕捞有一个最大值,超过了这一限度,将破坏其最大可再生资源。     

Enhanced Anti-Obesity Activities of Red Mold Dioscorea When Fermented Using Deep Ocean Water as the Culture Water

Deep ocean water (DOW) has, in previous studies, been found to be a novel anti-obesity drink and useful in raising Monascus-produced monascin and ankaflavin levels. This may resolve the limited anti-obesity ability of red mold dioscorea (RMD) known as the Monascus purpureus-fermented Disocorea batatas. This study aims to compare the anti-obesity effect of DOW-cultured RMD (DOW-RMD) and ultra-pure water-cultured RMD (UPW-RMD) in rats fed on a high fat diet. Moreover, the effect of ions composition of DOW and DOW-influenced functional metabolites change of RMD on the differentiation and lipogenesis regulation were investigated using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. In the animal test, compared to UPW-RMD, DOW-RMD possessed better ability to inhibit increases in weight gain, and better feed efficiency, body-fat pad and cross-sectional area of adipocytes. In the cell test, the anti-obesity abilities of DOW-RMD in inhibiting PPARγ and C/EBPα expression in differentiation and lipoprotein lipase activity in lipogenesis were contributed to by the DOW-increased monascin and ankaflavin levels and the ions of DOW, respectively.     

国内五所海洋类高校科技竞争力比较分析——以SCIE和CPCI—S为数据源

二十一世纪是面向海洋的世纪,我国是个海洋资源非常丰富的国家。我国校名有海洋两字的大学只有五所。本文以SCI和ESI为工具,从论文总数、合著者和基金赞助情况、优势学科领域和学校进入ESI学科分析等多种角度,对五所海洋类大学的科研情况和优势学科,从文献计量学的角度进行分析研究,以期给各自学校的科研发展提供一些参考。     

Marine capture fisheries in the Arctic: winners or losers under climate change and ocean acidification?

Climate change, ocean acidification (OA) and the subsequent changes in marine productivity may affect fisheries and eventually the whole economy in the Arctic. We analysed how changes in climate and ocean pH under scenarios of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions are likely to affect the economics of marine fisheries in the Arctic. We applied a Dynamic Bioclimate Envelope Model (DBEM) and outputs from four different Earth System Models (ESMs) to project future changes in the distribution and maximum catch potential of exploited marine fishes and invertebrates. We projected that total fisheries revenue in the Arctic region may increase by 39% (14–59%) by 2050 relative to 2000 under the Special Reports on Emission Scenario (SRES) A2. Simultaneously, total fishing costs, fishers’ incomes, household incomes and economy‐wide impacts in the Arctic are also projected to increase. Climate change with OA is expected to reduce the potential increases in catch and the economic indicators studied herein. Although the projections suggest that Arctic countries are likely to be ‘winners’ under climate change in comparison with tropical developing countries, the effects of OA will lower the expected future benefits in the Arctic. The predicted impacts are likely to be conservative as we consider only the direct effects of OA on fishes and calcifiers, of which there are only a few in the Arctic. Results of this study would be useful for designing effective adaptation strategies to climate change and measures to mitigate the potential negative impacts of OA in the Arctic.     

海洋施肥及其在南海外海渔业开发方面的应用前景

海洋施肥系采取人工措施向海洋上层提供氮、磷、铁等限制性营养元素以增加海洋初级生产力的行为,其在增殖生物资源和减缓气候变化方面均具潜力。海洋施肥研究已有20年历史,但国内尚无此类研究。本文介绍了海洋微量元素铁和大营养元素氮、磷施肥的概念和基本原理,回顾海洋施肥研究发展历程,总结现有研究成果,并简要评述海洋施肥技术在应用方面存在的争议。在此基础上,着重探讨海洋施肥在南海外海渔业开发方面的应用前景。南海光热充足,但外海表层水体大营养元素匮乏,生物生产力低下,大营养元素施肥可提高海域初级生产力,从而可持续地增加渔业产量;施肥促进浮游植物繁殖而在特定海域形成的饵料生物密集区会吸引鱼群聚集,从而提高外海渔业捕捞效率。南海北部近海渔业资源已过度利用,在继续控制捕捞渔船数量和功率的情况下,开发外海施肥的渔业资源增殖技术有助于部分转移近海捕捞压力,为近海渔业的恢复性增长创造条件。     

Do predators,handling stress or field acclimation periods influence the survivorship of hatchery‐reared abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana outplanted into natural habitats?

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The biodiversity value of marine protected areas for multi‐species fishery management in the Gulf of Maine

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Recasting shortfalls of marine protected areas as opportunities through adaptive management

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Use of encounter data to model spatio‐temporal distribution patterns of endangered smalltooth sawfish,Pristis pectinata,in the western Atlantic

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