耕地质量多维评价与利用分区——以黄骅市为例

耕地利用分区对于未来区域空间的有序开发利用具有指导意义,对耕地质量进行多维度解析评价是拓展传统耕地质量评价理论的重要途径,是保证分区工作“落地”的关键。以“三位一体”统一质量观为理论依据,以河北省黄骅市为研究区,在构建集成“空间—功能—环境”的耕地质量三维解析评价框架的基础上,运用Spearman秩相关系数和G^*热点分析工具表征三维质量的空间相关性,最后基于以上成果进行耕地利用分区,提出差别化管理建议。结果表明:(1)黄骅市各维度耕地质量分值存在空间分异。高值区主要分布于黄骅市西部和北部,低值区则主要分布于黄骅市西南部。(2)黄骅市各维度耕地质量之间存在强烈的空间关联效应。自然环境与社会环境呈现强权衡关系,空间特征与规模、物质生产功能呈现强协同关系; 不同维度质量的冷热点分布格局可能相似,同一维度质量的却可能存在空间冲突。(3)将黄骅市划分为生产优势保护区、休闲农业发展区、规模效益提升区、休耕整治区和潜在功能挖掘区5个区域,各耕地利用区特点各异,应因地制宜进行耕地差别化利用与管护。研究结果对于增强耕地利用分区的可操作性具有实践意义,为优化耕地利用保护路径提供参考。     

Profiling microRNA expression in bovine alveolar macrophages using RNA-seq

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and are known to play a key role in regulating both adaptive and innate immunity. Bovine alveolar macrophages (BAMs) help maintain lung homeostasis and constitute the front line of host defense against several infectious respiratory diseases, such as bovine tuberculosis. Little is known, however, about the role miRNAs play in these cells. In this study, we used a high-throughput sequencing approach, RNA-seq, to determine the expression levels of known and novel miRNAs in unchallenged BAMs isolated from lung lavages of eight different healthy Holstein–Friesian male calves. Approximately 80 million sequence reads were generated from eight BAM miRNA Illumina sequencing libraries, and 80 miRNAs were identified as being expressed in BAMs at a threshold of at least 100 reads per million (RPM). The expression levels of miRNAs varied over a large dynamic range, with a few miRNAs expressed at very high levels (up to 800,000 RPM), and the majority lowly expressed. Notably, many of the most highly expressed miRNAs in BAMs have known roles in regulating immunity in other species (e.g. bta-let-7i, bta-miR-21, bta-miR-27, bta-miR-99b, bta-miR-146, bta-miR-147, bta-miR-155 and bta-miR-223). The most highly expressed miRNA in BAMs was miR-21, which has been shown to regulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides in Mycobacterium leprae-infected human monocytes. Furthermore, the predicted target genes of BAM-expressed miRNAs were found to be statistically enriched for roles in innate immunity. In addition to profiling the expression of known miRNAs, the RNA-seq data was also analysed to identify potentially novel bovine miRNAs. One putatively novel bovine miRNA was identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first RNA-seq study to profile miRNA expression in BAMs and provides an important reference dataset for investigating the regulatory roles miRNAs play in this important immune cell type.     

蚁群算法在北虫草发酵温度模糊控制系统中的应用

模糊控制器的量化因子和比例因子对北虫草发酵温度的调节品质影响很大,针对人工选择量化因子和比例因子时主观因素强且难以实现全局最优的缺点,采用蚁群算法对两类模糊因子进行优化。仿真结果表明,优化后的模糊控制器静态、动态性能均优于优化前模糊控制器。     

The performance of three ordination methods applied to demersal fish data sets: stability and interpretability

Abstract The performance of robust principal component analysis (RPCA), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) with two demersal fish data sets were assessed in terms of their stability to bootstrap‐generated sample variation and the method’s ability to reflect a well‐known depth gradient. Stability was assessed for both species and site orderings and configurations, using scaled rank variance (SRV) and Spearman (ρ) and Procrustes correlations (t₀). The NMDS site and species orderings showed the highest stability. DCA performed best in terms of site ordination stability, but NMDS performed best in terms of species ordination stability. In terms of matching the expected ecological variation, NMDS was the most sensitive method for the wider‐depth gradient data and DCA was the most sensitive for the narrower‐depth gradient data. According to the sensitivity and informative power criteria associated with the stability assessment, t₀ was the best methodological approach for site ordinations, and SRV for species ordinations.     

连续式弹簧刷去鳞机的研制与试验

为了满足淡水鱼批量去鳞加工的需要,以前期对去鳞方法的研究结果为依据,经过方案论证,研制出了连续式弹簧刷淡水鱼去鳞机。该设备首次将弹簧去鳞刷应用于去鳞设备中,采用了两对压辊和去鳞辊组合的设计方案,实现了连续式的去鳞加工。对体长500 mm的鲢鱼去鳞,其理论生产率达到2 941尾/h,理论度电产量达到1 540尾/(kW.h)。去鳞效果试验结果表明,对鲢鱼的去鳞率平均值为61.7%,对鳊鱼为65.7%,对鲫鱼为72.2%。     

少数民族连片特困地区农户多维贫困分析——以新疆南疆三地州为例

我国少数民族连片特困地区农户贫困多元化现象普遍,从多维视角分析贫困问题对科学制定民族地区扶贫政策具有重要意义。基于Sen的能力贫困理论,以新疆南疆三地州为例,构建农户多维贫困指标体系,利用A-F法对农户的多维贫困程度和各维度对多维贫困的贡献度进行测算和分析,探讨致贫原因。结果表明,南疆三地州农户家庭不仅在收入维度存在贫困现象,在受教育程度、健康、卫生设施、做饭燃料、安全用水等指标上也表现出较为严重的贫困状态。三个及以上维度存在剥夺的人口达到了89.1%,多维贫困程度达到了39.8%,多维贫困比收入贫困更为严重。虽然随着维度的增加,多维贫困覆盖率不断下降,但是贫困强度在逐渐加大;教育、收入和健康贫困对多维贫困的贡献分别达到了35.73%、19.37%和11.19%,是多维贫困产生的重要源头。未来反贫困工作的重点是大力投资教育,促进农牧民增收,加强医疗卫生保障事业的投入,改变并扭转贫困人口落后的思想观念,建立多维贫困精准瞄准机制。     

Trait allometries generate super‐honesty in Anolis dewlaps and may underlie sexual dimorphism

Whether or not sexually selected traits consistently exhibit positive allometry (i.e. are disproportionately large in larger individuals) is an ongoing debate. Multiple models and exceptions to this rule suggest that the underlying drivers of sexual trait allometry are nuanced. Here, we compare allometries of sexual and non‐sexual traits of a species (Anolis aquaticus) within a well‐studied lizard genus to test the competing hypotheses that sexual traits are, or are not, defined by positive allometry. We further consider the relationships of trait functions, which are relatively well understood in the genus Anolis, and allometry to identify potential drivers of allometric patterns. In particular, we explore how trait allometries interact to influence total organism function and generate sexual dimorphism. We quantified size (of targeted traits) and color of a sexual signal (the dewlap) in Anolis aquaticus in the field. The dewlap conveyed information relevant to intra‐sexual combat and exhibited positive allometry. Overall, our results suggest that using single‐trait allometries as indicators of past selection provides only an incomplete understanding of trait evolution. Although the function of positive allometry in some individual sexual signals (e.g. those conveying “super‐honest” information) may be straightforward, we illustrate how scaling relationships interact synergistically to influence the function of phenotypes and propose avenues for future research.     

安徽省城市生态承载力多维测度及空间差异分析——基于绿色城镇化视角

基于绿色城镇化的视角,并结合城市生态承载力理论,从生态承载弹力和生态承载压力两个子系统出发,构建我国城市生态承载力的综合评价指标体系。进而以安徽省为例,通过构建城市生态承载指数、压力指数及生态承载力综合指数等多维度模型来对其2015年的16个地级市的生态承载力状况进行了多维测度,并描绘其区域空间差异分布。分析结果显示：安徽省16个地市中仅黄山、池州、滁州三市处于生态承载的低负荷阶段;宣城、安庆及六安市三市的生态承载力承压基本持平;其余10省的生态承载力综合指数均大于1,处在一个高负荷的生态承载阶段。     

短命植物小车前构件属性特征及其相互关系

以准噶尔荒漠广泛分布的短命植物小车前(Plantago minuta)为研究对象,通过野外调查取样,系统分析了植物构件形态、生物量分配特征及其异速比例关系。结果表明,小车前体型较小,全株生物量仅有0.402 3g;根冠比为0.157,繁殖分配和叶片生物量分别占44.2%和36.9%,生物量分配具有个体大小依赖。小车前形态指标之间、构件生物量之间及二者之间多具有显著相关性(P0.05)和异速比例关系,其中构件生物量间多为等比例关系(异速指数=1),形态指标间多为指数1的异速比例关系,而形态特征与生物量间多为指数1的异速比例关系,本研究部分验证了理论预测。构件水平差异化的异速比例关系体现了小车前不同构件对外界环境和内在发育规律的不同响应和适应特征。