土壤重金属迁移模拟研究的现状与展望

随着工业发展和废弃物的排放不断增加，土壤重金属污染已经成为一个世界性环境问题。土壤重金属的分布转化以及污染修复的研究受到广泛关注，数学模型及计算机模拟研究成为重要的研究手段。该文对土壤重金属迁移的模拟研究的进展进行了回顾与归纳，集中阐述了对流弥散和经验随机两大类模型的特点和应用，并指出了研究中存在的问题及今后研究的发展方向。将数学模拟与土壤重金属信息系统及地理信息系统GIS的有机结合，将有可能为环境保护和农业决策提供新的重要依据。     

冻融条件下土壤中水盐运移机理探讨

土壤冻融过程中的水盐运动是冻土学研究的基本问题之一。在土壤冻融过程中,存在着水分和盐分的2次迁移过程,形成了特殊的水盐运动规律。土壤冻结过程中盐分的运动非常复杂,受土壤类型、土壤初始含水量、土壤溶液浓度、盐分组成以及冻结生成的温度、热梯度、冻结速度、冻结方向等因素影响,其迁移结果最终是上述各因素共同作用的结果。温度是导致土壤中水分迁移的驱动力,土壤冻结引起冻结带土水势降低,导致水分不断向冻层迁移,随着水分向冻层聚集,冻层以下土层中的盐分同步向上运移,整个冻层的土壤含盐量明显增加。在融化过程中,随着地表蒸发逐渐强烈,使冻结过程中累积于冻结层中的盐分,转而向地表强烈聚集,使表层的盐分含量急剧上升。     

土壤盐渍化的监测和预报研究

本文采用田间观测和数值模拟相结合的方法，对改造后的重盐碱试验地的水盐动态连续三年进行了监测和预报研究。在田间，监测了地下水的水位和矿化度、土壤盐分和水分、降雨和农田蒸散量等参数，同时针对现场试验条件进行数值模拟。在土壤盐分输运模型中，考虑动水不动水概念和吸附作用，在解水分运动方程时采用了更合理的改进型Ｐｉｃａｒｄ迭代差分法。研究表明，在当前的自然因素和农耕活动中，试验地土壤中的盐分达到动态平衡，不     

QUICK格式在土壤水分运动数值模拟中的应用

运用有限体积法中的QUICK格式,对一维非饱和土壤水分运动方程中的对流项进行了高精度离散,通过经典的数值算例验证了本格式具有精度高、编程简单,计算速度快等特点。并与中心差分格式、迎风格式进行比较,QUICK格式不但能很好地避免数值振荡现象,而且与实测结果吻合较好。     

Landsliding related to land-cover change: A diachronic analysis of hillslope instability distribution in the Sierra Norte,Puebla, Mexico

This study examines mass movement associated with land use change, particularly deforestation, from multiple perspectives. The significance of such understanding is related to the degree of impact landsliding may cause on human settlements and economic activities, and on forest ecosystems. In this paper, the distribution of hillslope instability in the Sierra Norte, Puebla, Mexico is addressed by means of a diachronic analysis, which involves the development of vegetation indexes, as well as vegetation fragmentation derived from Landsat-5 (TM) and Landsat-7 (ETM+) satellite images from 1989 and 1999, respectively. The time period was chosen to compare vegetation cover conditions prior and after the extreme October 1999 rainfall event that triggered hundreds of slope failures in the study area. Results suggested there was a significant vegetation reduction from 1989 to 1999, which was strongly expressed by an increase of 809 km² of bare surfaces. Additionally, areas with highest vegetation density (91–100%) decreased considerably, from 1245 to 363 km², resulting in a net vegetation reduction of 70%. Furthermore, it was possible to highlight that landslide concentration was much higher on surfaces that were bare and had low vegetation density (0–50%), representing 85% of hillslope instability, than on surfaces having a greater density of vegetation cover. Land use change and land degradation are precursors to environmental hazards, such as mass movement events, that pose serious threats to regional population distributions and economic vitality.     

氮肥用量及施用时间对土体中硝态氮移动的影响

土连续两年小麦—玉米轮作条件下 ,播前一次施氮量 130～ 5 2 0kghm-2 a-1时 ,氮肥用量对硝态氮在土体中的移动深度没有影响 ,但土壤剖面中残留的硝态氮量随施氮量增加显著增加。播前一次施用氮肥 ,差减法计算的肥料氮表观回收率 (作物携出量和土壤硝态氮的残留量 )为 6 2 %～ 82 7% ;就作物而言小麦的携出率高于玉米 ,在玉米生长季节有更多的硝态氮可能被淋移至土壤剖面的下层。小麦—玉米轮作一年 ,不同的施氮时间对肥料氮的表观回收率以及硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布、累计没有明显影响。土区合适的氮肥用量是控制硝态氮向深层移动的主要措施     

Influence of soil properties on the vertical movement of genetically-marked Pseudomonas fluorescens through large soil microcosms

Summary Vertical translocation of the introduced transposon Tn5-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens cells was studies after irrigation of 50-cm long soil columns of loamy sand. The soil in the columns was slowly brought to saturation using groundwater, and enough water was then slowly added to permit collection of the percolated water. Introduced bacteria were transported to lower soil layers to a significantly higher degree in undisturbed soil cores than in repacked cores; water transport was hampered in both core types due to high soil bulk densities. Soil bulk density affected the degree of transport of the introduced cells; progressively more cells were translocated to deeper soil layers and into the percolation water at decreasing soil bulk densities. Repeated percolation of soil at a bulk density of 1.25 caused an increase in Tn5-tagged cell numbers in the lower soil layers and in the percolated water. Further, cells initially introduced into a dry (5.3% moisture) soil were translocated to a lesser extent than cells introduced into a wetter (13% moisture) soil. Finally, wheat roots enhanced the water-induced transport of introduced cells to the 40- and 50-cm deep soil layers and into the effluent, but not to the remaining soil layers. Large soil columns such as those used in the present study are useful in assessing the transport and survival of introduced bacterial cells in soils under a variety of simulated environmental conditions.     

Potassium Dynamics in US Coastal Plain Soils

ABSTRACT

Potassium (K) deficiency in crops in southern US Coastal Plain soils has been documented since the l880s. Long-term soil fertility studies such as Alabama’s “Cullars Rotation” experiment (circa 1911) have been conducted with K since 1911. Other Alabama long-term experiments on several Coastal Plain and related Hapludults, Paleudults, and Kandiudults also contain K variable treatments which have been monitored since 1929. Soil test data from these long-term experiments have allowed us to answer some practical questions regarding K dynamics in Coastal Plain soils. Potassium movement through the soil profile is dependent on the soil’s cation exchange capacity (CEC) but relative accumulation is greater in the plow layer regardless of soil CEC. While subsoil K testing may be useful for identifying situations where subsoil K has been depleted, this extra effort and expense is not necessary for most cropping situations. A crop will remove most of its K from the plow layer if it is present in sufficient quantity based on soil test. Crop depletion of plow-layer K to the point where yield may be reduced is gradual and may take 10–15 years or more depending upon soil CEC and initial soil K concentration. Depletion is most rapid in low CEC soils as would be expected. However, soil test K can vary considerably during the course of a crop season with the lowest soil test K concentrations occurring immediately after harvest.     

覆膜开孔土壤蒸发的水盐分布特征及运移规律研究

在干旱半干旱的新疆地区,覆膜灌溉面积在逐年增加。但由于田间地膜覆盖率无法达到100%,同时出苗孔和灌水孔的存在使得研究覆膜灌后地表覆膜开孔率不同时蒸发的水盐运动很有必要。为获得覆膜开孔蒸发的土壤水盐分布特征,采用垂直一维入渗蒸发双层有机玻璃土柱实验系统进行蒸发试验。以概化的覆膜开孔率为上边界条件,针对初始水盐均匀和入渗结束后的蒸发两种处理,研究了覆膜开孔率影响下,蒸发土壤含盐量剖面和盐分浓度剖面的分布特征。结果表明,对水盐均匀处理,剖面盐分浓度可采用含水率及开孔率的函数关系表达;而对入渗蒸发处理,剖面盐分浓度随覆膜开孔率的范围不同可采用不同的指数形式表达。表土10cm返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增大而逐渐增加。单位膜孔面积的返盐量随覆膜开孔率的增加而减小,呈幂函数关系。此外,相同开孔率条件下,单位膜孔面积上蒸发量(ER)与土表10cm返盐量(Wsm,10)之间呈良好的线性关系。     

水分淋洗下菜园土壤各形态锌的迁移转化特征

采用室内模拟降雨淋溶土柱的方法，研究了经过1年降雨的淋溶后，菜园土壤垂直方向上各形态锌的迁移转化规律。结果表明：锌的大多数形态很难随水分运动发生迁移，～年的降雨至多能使占总量0．57％的水溶态锌发生淋溶损失。水分淋洗和施磷锌平均能使分别占总量3％和4％的难溶态RES—Zn和OX-Zn向易被植物利用的EX—Zn、CABS—Zn和OM—Zn形态转化。随施锌量的增加，土壤锌的有效性指数增加30％～78％．有效锌总量增加3．12～10．07mg／kg。当施磷50mg／kg时，土壤Zn的有效性指数增加3％～28％，有效锌总量增加0．04～0．28mg／kg，磷锌在土壤中表现为协同作用。