高寒混播草地优势草种生态位与种间竞争力分析

为了探究高寒混播草地最优牧草配置,以上繁草'同德’短芒披碱草(Elymus breviaristatus'Tongde’,A),垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans,B),'同德’老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus'Tongde’,D),'青牧1号’老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus'Qingmu No1’,E)、下繁草'同德’小花碱茅(Puccinellia distans'Tongde’,C),'青海’草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.'Qinghai’,F),'青海’冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila'Qinghai’,G),'青海’扁茎早熟禾(Poa pratensis var.ancepsGaud.'Qinghai’,H)为试验材料,以种间竞争力(Competition ratio,CR)与相对产量总和(Relative yield total,RYT)为评价方法,测定牧草生物量。结果表明：下繁草竞争力小于上繁草;混播牧草数(Number of mixed herbage,NMH)为2时,B竞争力最强;NMH为3时,存在2种上繁草的组合RYT大于1;单播时C和A生态位宽度最大,混播后杂类草生态位宽度降低,D和E,C重叠度最高,A与F,G,H重叠度最低;高寒混播草地中优选牧草组合有B+E,B+D,E+H,A+C+D,B+C+D,建议慎选牧草组合为C+D,D+E,F+G,F+H,F+G+H。     

沙棘混交林营造方式与类型

本文对营造沙棘混交林过程中遇到的混交树种的选择原则,混交林的营造方式,混交类型以及可与沙棘混交的植物种类等问题进行了阐述和研讨.     

砂土混合覆盖下的土壤水分蒸发特性及其因子分析

为明确不同砂土混合物覆盖对土壤蒸发过程的影响,基于土壤蒸发分阶段理论及微型蒸渗仪田间试验,深入探析了6种砂土混合覆盖模式(1.0,0.8,0.6,0.4,0.2,0,分别为M1～M6)下的土壤蒸发动态变化及其作用机制。结果表明：土壤蒸发分阶段理论能够真实刻画砂土混合覆盖下的土壤水分蒸发状况,其累计蒸发量可用砂土混合比与蒸发时间进行定量表征。当砂土混合比≥0.8时,土壤蒸发过程仅存在2个明显阶段,抑蒸效果显著;当砂土混合比<0.5时,M3～M6处理的土壤蒸发稳定高峰期明显,且集中于前2.53～2.66天,水分主要散失历时则分别较M1增加6.49,6.49,6.49,7.09天;而当砂土混合比介于0.5～0.8时,覆盖层易诱发且能够更早地形成结构致密的覆盖干层,整体保墒效果反而凸显。受土壤蒸发阶段特性及覆盖模式的影响,蒸发第1阶段主要受下垫面净辐射通量供应的限制;而在蒸发第2,3阶段,砂层结构的作用凸显,土壤水力特性调控效应逐渐占优。总之,砂层结构恶化将加快土壤失水过程,增加农田水分的无效损失,当砂土混合比<0.5时,其抑蒸保墒功效将逐渐丧失,这对西北旱区砂田退化机理的揭示及压...     

深松耕对玉米根茎叶氮磷比及地上生物量的影响

植物器官氮磷比可以揭示植物生长发育过程的营养平衡。深松耕作为黄土高原半干旱区一种较好的农田耕作方法被广泛应用,尽管已被证实深松耕可以提高作物产量和地上生物量,但深松耕是否影响作物器官N/P及从作物器官N/P角度能否解释地上生物量增加的机制尚有待进一步研究。该研究于2016－2018年在黄土高原区设置了不同耕作方法（深松耕、旋耕、翻耕和免耕）和施氮量（基肥200 kg/hm2、基肥200 kg/hm2+拔节期肥100 kg/hm2）的田间裂区试验,研究了不同处理对玉米地上生物量、不同器官（根、茎和叶）中N/P的影响以及其N/P与地上生物量的关系。结果表明：1）相比翻耕、免耕,深松耕能显著提高地上生物量（P<0.05）,2016和2018年地上生物量深松耕比翻耕、免耕分别提高了9.56%、9.29%和4.67%、5.94%;2）相比翻耕、免耕,深松耕和旋耕均能显著降低根、叶的N/P（P<0.05）,深松耕根、叶N/P分别为19.90、17.74,降幅最大;施肥措施及耕作方法与施肥措施的交互作用对根、茎和叶的N/P无显著影响;3）通过结构方程模型分析发现,耕作方法通过影响根和叶N/P,间接影响地上生物量,效应值分别为0.10和0.14,耕作方法对地上生物量无直接显著影响,说明了根和叶的N/P是影响地上生物量的两种重要的间接因素;通过线性混合效应模型分析得出,地上生物量与根、叶N/P呈显著负相关关系,与茎N/P无相关性。研究表明深松耕通过降低玉米根和叶N/P,促进植物氮磷营养平衡的生态策略来提高地上生物量。研究结果对进一步揭示耕作与施肥对玉米生产与农田生态系统氮磷平衡的影响机制具有一定的借鉴意义。     

凸体的混合宽度积分

引入了凸体的混合宽度积分的概念,研究了其性质,并建立了有关凸体的混合宽度积分的循环不等式和Brunn-Minkowski不等式.     

不同郁闭度下胸高直径对杉木冠幅特征因子的影响

树冠是树木进行光合作用和呼吸作用的重要场所,冠幅和冠长率直接影响树木的生活力和生产力.以湖南省黄丰桥国有林场103块杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林样地为例,样地按郁闭度CD≥0.8(类型1)、0.7≤CD＜0.8(类型2)、0.6≤CD＜0.7(类型3)、0.5≤CD＜0.6(类型4)和CD＜0.5(类型5)划分5个等级.分析不同等级林分中树木冠幅和冠长率的分布结构以及与胸径的关系,同时利用非线性混合效应模型分析各类型郁闭度对冠幅和冠长率的随机影响.研究结果表明:5种类型的冠幅大小主要分布在区间(2.5-4.0m)之间,分别占65.82％、69.56％、70.79％、58.15％和53.21％,小于1.5m和大于5.0m分布较少;5种类型冠长率主要分布在区间(0.3-0.7)之间,分别占55.69％、71.93％、67.01％、82.22％和79.28％,在区间小于0.2和大于0.8分布较少,大于0.9的冠长率几乎没有;冠幅与胸径之间呈现较弱的线性相关性,而冠长率与胸径之间几乎线性不相关.在相同的胸高直径时,类型5的冠幅最大,而类型1的冠幅最小.对于冠长率,恰好相反,即类型1的冠长率最大,而类型5的冠长率最小;同时给出的冠幅模型(模型11)和冠长率模型(模型14)具有较高的预测精度,在实际应用中可以利用它们对冠幅和冠长率进行预测.     

Effect of drought on biomass allocation in two invasive and two native grass species dominating the mixed‐grass prairie

Control of exotic plant species invading the native prairie relies on our understanding of the eco‐physiological mechanisms responsible for the spread of these species as they compete with native plants for soil resources. We used a greenhouse pot experiment to study vegetative biomass allocation in response to drought stress in two exotic grass species, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss), and two native species, western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve) and green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.). The experiment was conducted over 3 months in 2010 and again in 2011 in a factorial design of four species and two drought treatments. The proportional data of biomass allocation to shoots, roots, rhizomes and crowns (shoot base) of grass seedlings were analysed by both the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U‐test on the original data and one‐way anova on the arcsine‐transformed data. Our data suggest a clear distinction between the two invasive and two native species in potential competitiveness in soil resource use, with the two exotic species having higher biomass allocation to roots than the two native species and the native species having a higher biomass allocation to crowns than the two exotic species. It is interesting to note that the strongly rhizomatous smooth brome did not produce rhizomes in the first season's growth, regardless of the water stress level. The effect of drought stress on biomass allocation manifested itself more on rhizomes or crowns than on roots or shoots of the four studied grass species, with the effects species‐specific in nature.     

Measuring soil disturbance effects and assessing soil restoration success by examining distributions of soil properties

Successful restoration of an ecosystem following disturbance is typically assessed according to similarity between the restored site and a relatively undisturbed reference area. While most comparisons use the average or mean parameter to represent measured properties, other aspects of the distribution, including the variance of the properties may assist in a more robust assessment of site recovery. Our purpose was to compare soil properties in different ages of reclaimed soils with those in reference areas by incorporating the potentially different distributions according to areas. On two sampling dates, in consecutive years, we examined soil properties on a chronosequence of reclaimed natural gas pipelines spanning recovery ages of <1–54 years, obtaining data on soil moisture, organic carbon, nitrogen, electrical conductivity, pH, and microbial abundance. To make the comparisons, we analyzed our data with a Bayesian hierarchical linear mixed model and obtained posterior predictive distributions for the soil properties. This allowed us to probabilistically quantify the extent to which a soil property from a reclaimed treatment was similar to that from an undisturbed reference. We found that the posterior predictive variance of most soil properties was particularly sensitive to disturbance and reclamation, especially, within the first few years of recovery. Response of this variance to disturbance, reclamation, and recovery was not necessarily accompanied by a shift in the posterior predictive mean value of the property. Patterns for all soil properties changed over time, with posterior predictive distributions of soil properties generally becoming more similar to those of the undisturbed reference sites as recovery time increased. We suspect these trends in altered variability coincide with the degree of spatial heterogeneity in soil properties that results following disturbance and reclamation, which is also coupled to patterns of vegetation recovery.     

三峡库区典型森林植被对降雨再分配的影响

为探讨三峡库区不同森林植被对降雨再分配的影响,选择位于湖北库区中上段的巴东县、重庆库区下段的四面山、缙云山的针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,利用重庆市缙云山2012年4-9月期间测得的52场降雨、林内穿透雨、树干径流观测资料,建立林冠截留模型,对降雨再分配特征进行综合分析,并与巴东县和四面山的降雨再分配特征进行对比分析.结果表明：1）缙云山、四面山、巴东县的针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林林内穿透雨量与降雨量呈显著的线性关系,林冠截留量与降雨量呈显著的幂函数关系;2）缙云山、四面山、巴东县针阔混交林出现林内穿透雨所需要的最小降雨量分别为1.0、1.8和2.6 mm,常绿阔叶林出现林内穿透雨所需要的最小降雨量分别为1.1、3.0和1.1 mm;3）3个地点的针阔混交林的平均林冠截留率均大于常绿阔叶林的平均林冠截留率;4）在相同降雨条件下,林冠截留能力因地域不同,具有差异,即针阔混交林的林冠截留率从大到小的排列顺序为重庆市缙云山（46.00％）、重庆市四面山（41.42％）,湖北省巴东县（22.30％）,常绿阔叶林的林冠截留率由大到小的排列顺序为重庆市四面山（28.78％）,重庆市缙云山（23.09％）,湖北省巴东县（21.69％）.