低频声波频率下瘤背石磺CaM-like、CaMKII基因的表达及功能

长期栖息于潮间带的动物能够感知当地的潮汐规律,形成潮汐记忆的能力。本研究以栖息于潮间带的瘤背石磺(Onchidium reevesii)为对象,研究其通过感知潮汐来临时产生的低频声音来调节其行为与潮汐节律相协调的分子机制。通过RACE-PCR技术克隆到CaM-like基因的cDNA序列,并进行生物信息学分析和qRT-PCR实验。结果显示,瘤背石磺CaM-like基因的cDNA全长2321 bp,包括5′非编码区(UTR)366 bp,3′非编码区(UTR)1337 bp,618 bp的开放阅读框编码206个氨基酸;预测该基因编码的多肽链的原子数量是3165,分子量约为23029.64 kD,理论等电点4.64,分子式是C_(1018)H_(1544)N_(274)O_(320)S_9。N端信号肽由29个氨基酸组成。氨基酸序列比对构建系统进化树,结果显示瘤背石磺CaM-like基因与静水椎实螺(Lymnaea stagnalis)、光滑双脐螺(Biomphalaria glabrata)的CaM-like基因的亲缘关系最接近,这与传统形态学分类相吻合。在实验室内模拟潮汐中低频声音刺激瘤背石磺,应用qRT-PCR检测CaM-like基因在不同组织的分布情况,结果显示CaM-like mRNA在瘤背石磺不同组织均有表达,但神经节部位的表达量显著高于背部皮肤、腹足、肠、肝胰腺、口器和蛋白腺等组织(P0.05),推测其可能参与神经系统的可塑性调节。荧光定量结果显示CaM-like、CaMKII基因分别在25 Hz和50 Hz低频声波下刺激12.4 h表达量较高,初步推测其能感知25～50 Hz声波频率。这可能与栖息于潮间带中的瘤背石磺长期感知12.4 h半日潮潮汐周期节律,形成潮汐记忆有关。本研究将为进一步深入了解瘤背石磺感知潮汐节律的分子机制奠定基础,也为探究海洋动物由海洋向陆地进化过程中对环境的适应机制提供依据。     

主成分分析和长短时记忆神经网络预测水产养殖水体溶解氧

为了提高水产养殖溶解氧预测的精度,提出了基于主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和长短时记忆神经网络(long short-term memory,LSTM)的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型。首先通过主成分分析提取水产养殖溶解氧的关键影响因子,消除了原始变量之间的相关性,降低了模型输入向量维度;然后,在Tensorflow深度学习框架的基础上建立LSTM神经网络的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型;最后,利用该模型对浙江省淡水水产养殖研究所综合实验基地某池塘溶解氧进行验证。试验结果表明:该模型与BP神经网络等其他浅层模型相比,模型评价指标平均绝对误差、均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.274、0.089和0.147,均优于传统的预测方法;该模型具有良好的预测性能和泛化能力,能够满足水产养殖溶解氧精确预测的实际需要,可以为水产养殖水质精准调控提供参考。     

酸樱桃汁对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠学习记忆功能的影响

目的检测酸樱桃汁对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠模型学习记忆功能的影响.方法颈背部皮下注射D-半乳糖120 mg/（kg·d^-1）连续56 d建立亚急性衰老模型,同时灌胃给予不同剂量的酸樱桃汁进行治疗,治疗8周后,分别采用跳台实验、Morris水迷宫检测小鼠的学习记忆能力.结果跳台法检测结果显示：酸樱桃汁能延长D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠的潜伏期,减少错误次数;Morris水迷宫实验结果显示：酸樱桃汁能使D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠平均潜伏期明显缩短,跨过平台次数显著增加.结论酸樱桃汁能有效提高D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的学习记忆能力.     

Disparities in activity levels and learning ability between Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) and Roborovskii hamster (Phodopus roborovskii)

The Djungarian hamster and the Roborovskii hamster belong to the same genus of Phodopus. However, the Djungarian hamster is tame and shows sedative behavior, while Roborovskii hamster is not tame and shows high levels of locomotor activity. Hyperactivity occurs in animals with tameless behavior. Tameness or tamelessness behavior is very important because tameness helps for breeding and controlling as well as it enables a strong human‐animal bond. In the present study, we examined the relationships between activity levels and cognitive function in Djungarian and Roborovskii hamsters. Three types of behavioral tests were performed to analyze their activity levels, memory and leaning ability. The levels of L‐ and D‐amino acids and monoamines in the brain were then determined. Roborovskii hamsters showed significantly higher locomotor activity than Djungarian hamsters. Memory ability was not significantly different between the two hamsters, but Roborovskii hamsters showed lower learning ability. Brain levels of D‐serine which is related to enhancement in memory and learning ability, were significantly higher in Djungarian hamsters, but the reverse was true for brain dopamine and serotonin levels. These results suggest that these differences in brain metabolism may be related to the behavioral differences between the two hamsters.     

蜂花粉醇提物对衰老小鼠学习、记忆及脑组织抗氧化能力的影响

试验旨在探讨蜂花粉醇提物（ethanol extracts from bee pollen,EEBP）对D-半乳糖诱导的衰老雄性小鼠学习、记忆和脑组织抗氧化能力的影响。以昆明种雄性小鼠为研究对象,按体重随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组和低、中、高剂量（400、800、1 600 mg/kg体重）EEBP组。除正常对照组外,其余各组小鼠每天颈背部皮下注射500 mg/kg体重 D-半乳糖0.2 mL,正常对照组注射等体积的生理盐水。EEBP组小鼠每天灌胃0.3 mL EEBP悬浮液,对照组小鼠灌胃等体积的蒸馏水,试验期56 d。采用Y型迷宫和跳台仪测试小鼠学习记忆能力,同时测定各组小鼠脑组织超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）的活力及丙二醛（ma1ondialdehvde,MDA）的含量。结果表明,EEBP能显著降低D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠Y型迷宫的学习次数,提高正确次数,延长跳台潜伏期,降低错误次数;提高衰老模型小鼠脑组织SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性,降低MDA含量。以上结果说明EEBP可以改善D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠学习、记忆能力,提高脑组织的抗氧化能力,具有一定延缓脑衰老的作用。     

Short-term Memory Testing in Domestic Horses: Experimental Design Plays a Role

This study investigated whether four horses could recall the location of a food objective in a two-choice delayed response test. During testing, horses stood unrestrained in a station where they observed the delivery of 30 g of grain into one of two containers. They were then released and allowed to go toward a container under the following contexts: immediate release or delayed release of 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 seconds. Results showed that horses remembered the correct objective not only under the immediate release condition but also for all delayed release conditions tested. Observational data were also collected to determine whether the horses were indeed relying on memory to solve the delayed response problems or whether they were using orienting cues to maintain focus on the correct container. These data showed that the horses did not maintain visual contact with the objective during many of the trials; instead, they attended to an assortment of distractions in the surrounding area. Contrary to a previous report in which horses could not accurately respond in a similar situation after 10-second delays, these findings suggest that at least some horses are not as limited with respect to their ability to recall things and have an adequate spatial short-term memory. Experimental design seems to play a significant role in the outcome of this type of research.     

300Hz脉冲音对许氏平鲉幼鱼的驯化效果

采用300 Hz脉冲波断续音在实验室水槽中对许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli幼鱼进行音响驯化试验。结果表明：在驯化第15天开始聚集时间减小到2 s,之后到20 d均无大变化;聚集时间从第5天开始整体呈递减趋势,驯化第16天,聚集时间达到最短（16 s）;聚集率则逐日增加,驯化第18天,聚集率达到最高,为91%,平均聚集率为83.9%;音响驯化结束10 d后再次放声,许氏平鲉开始聚集时间为3 s,聚集时间为44 s,聚集率为86.3%。由此可见,300 Hz脉冲波断续音对许氏平鲉有明显的驯化作用;许氏平鲉对驯化声音记忆力超过10 d且效果显著。     

企业动态能力的微观机理研究

构建动态能力有助于企业适应多变环境并维持竞争优势,而探求动态能力的微观机理有助于回答企业动态能力从何而来、如何构建和发展演化等基本问题。动态能力微观机理的一个重要部分是理清动态能力的构建主体及工作基础,高管团队理论提供了一个明确动态能力微观主体的崭新视角,基于这一视角,可进一步明确高管团队的工作基础是他们的社会网络与交互记忆系统。     

黄精水煎剂对β-淀粉样蛋白诱导的大鼠 学习记忆能力下降的保护作用研究

本研究旨在探讨黄精水煎剂(PCD)对β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)致阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型大鼠的保护作用及可能机制。通过Aβ25-35微量注射至大鼠双侧海马CA1区建立AD模型,同时用PCD干预,研究PCD对AD模型大鼠学习记忆能力、海马组织损伤和CA1区神经元中过度磷酸化tau蛋白(p-tau)表达的影响。结果表明,PCD可明显缩短模型大鼠逃避潜伏期,对模型大鼠学习记忆能力损伤有保护作用;能改善大鼠海马神经元损伤,减少CA1区在thr231位点tau蛋白的过度磷酸化。这些结果提示,PCD对学习记忆能力有显著的保护作用,这可能与其减少海马内p-tau-thr231水平和消除组织氧化逆境有关。     

Characterization and mechanical properties of prepolymer and polyurethane block copolymer with a shape memory effect

The prepolymer and the final polyurethane (PU) block copolymer were synthesized by reacting 4,4-methylene bis(phenylisocyanate) with poly(tetramethylene glycol) and the prepolymer with 1,4-butanediol as a chain extender, respectively, to investigate the relation between phase separation and it’s resulting properties. According to FT-IR data, the phase separation of hard and soft segments in the prepolymer and the PU block copolymer grew bigger by increasing the hard segment content, and the PU showed more dominant phase separation than the prepolymer. The heat of fusion due to soft segments decreased in both the prepolymer and the PU by increasing the hard segment content, whereas the heat of fusion due to hard segments increased in the PU did not appear in the prepolymers. The breaking stress and modulus of the prepolymer increased by increasing the hard segment content, and the elongation at break decreased gradually, and the PU showed the highest breaking stress and modulus at 58 % hard segment content. However, the best shape recovery of the PU was obtained at 47 % hard segment content due to the existence of proper interaction among the hard segments for shape memory effect. Consequently, the mechanical properties and shape memory effect of the PU were influenced by the degree of phase separation, depending on the incorporation of chain extender as well as the hard segment content.