The role of waterbirds in the dispersal of freshwater cladocera and bryozoa in southern Africa

It has long been presumed that waterbirds disperse the propagules of aquatic organisms. However, it is only in recent years that this claim has been empirically explored and little is still known about waterbird-mediated dispersal in southern Africa. Aquatic invertebrates are thought to be well adapted to dispersal by waterbirds because of their ability to produce hardy resting eggs. We explored the capacity of waterbirds to disperse the eggs of both cladocera and bryozoans via endo- and ectozoochory. We examined 283 faecal samples and 394 feather brushings from six waterbird species and two wetland sites in South Africa for the presence of diapausing eggs. A total of 108 intact diaspores were recovered, with intact eggs present in 16% and 7% of the faecal samples and feather brushings, respectively. Our results indicate that southern African waterbirds do take up the resting eggs of aquatic invertebrates and that these eggs can survive intact through the gut or remain attached to the feathers. These results provide evidence that waterbirds may be important vectors for aquatic invertebrates in southern Africa and imply that waterbirds may play a vital role in maintaining connectivity between invertebrate populations in isolated wetland patches.     

鼎湖山3种不同演替阶段森林凋落物的持水特性

研究鼎湖山自然保护区内处于演替前期的马尾松针叶林(PF)、处于演替中期的马尾松针阔混交林(MF)和处于演替顶极阶段的季风常绿阔叶林(M EBF)3种群落的凋落物及其不同分解层的现存量、持水量、持水速率和持水率.结果表明:凋落物现存量表现为PF(21.96 t·hm-2)＞MF(14.59 t·hm-2)＞MEBF(10.40 t·hm-2),顶极群落MEBF凋落物现存量最小;3种群落凋落物最大持水量为13.68 ～ 50.10 t·hm-2,持水深表现为PF(5.0mm)＞MF(2.8 mm)＞MEBF(1.4 mm);PF凋落物已分解层持水量占凋落物持水总量比重大(44.3％),而MEBF已分解层的贡献仅为16.7％;凋落物及其各分解层的持水量均随浸水时间呈对数关系增加,其截持水过程主要发生在0.5～2 h内,0.5h内平均持水速率表现为PF(4.35 mm·h-1) ＞MF(2.22 mm·h-1) ＞MEBF(1.19 mm·h-1),均随浸水时间的增加按幂函数方程降低;凋落物最大持水率表现为PF(306.3％)＞MF(289.0％)＞MEBF(239.3％),且伴随PF→MF→MEBF的演替,半分解层及已分解层凋落物的持水率即持水能力明显降低;演替早期PF凋落物具有较高的降水截留能力,尤其是其凋落物的已分解层,而后期MEBF凋落物未分解层对整体截留能力贡献大.     

我国水源涵养林研究概况

水源涵养林是具有特殊意义的防护林种,具有涵养水源、保持水土和净化水质等重要功能,在水资源短缺日趋严峻的情况下,引起了人们的高度关注.从水源涵养林的水文功能、结构与功能的关系、森林健康评价以及价值评估等4个方面分别对水源涵养林的研究现状进行了概述,同时总结了在研究过程中需注意的问题以及将来的发展趋势,在使用定量模型时应根据实际条件来修正,使定量模型本土化,提高对水源涵养林量化的准确性,为水源涵养林的合理经营提供科学依据.     

荒漠生态系统水热平衡规律研究进展

荒漠生态系统水热平衡问题是研究气候和小气候形成及其变化机制的重要问题 ,也是维持现有生态系统平衡稳定以及退化生态系统恢复的关键 ,而且对防治荒漠化起着重要作用 .该文系统地综述了国内外荒漠生态系统水热平衡规律及系统小气候的最新研究进展 ;并从水量平衡与水文动态、水热交换与传输以及热量平衡等 3个方面 ,评述了荒漠生态系统水热平衡研究的若干方法 .最后 ,该文对水热平衡理论和研究方法、水热平衡耦合模型以及荒漠生态系统的水热结构优化模式等未来的研究方向和重点问题作了分析 .     

基于趋势辨识理论的神经网络及其在水文时间序列预报中的应用

训练样本在数量级上的差别和分配的不均匀会导致网络收敛缓慢,且训练结果偏向样本比重较大的那一方。由AR模型在水文时间序列的较好应用可知,水文时间序列中趋势项占有绝对优势。因此以趋势辨识理论对样本进行规范化,使样本规范化到同一数量级,同时时间序列的趋势保持不变。此外输出层不经过非线性处理,以保证网络有更大的预报空间。经黑河流域实测流量资料验证,基于趋势辨识理论的神经网络在水文时间序列预报中训练速度较快,预报效果较好。     

单烯烃的沸点与分子价连接性指数（mX*）的关系

提出了一个计算不饱和烃分子中碳原子价点价 δ*i 的新方法 ,以 δ*i 为核心建构了分子价连接性指数 m X* (m=0 ,1) ,并研究了单烯烃的沸点与 m X*的相关性。结果表明 ,m X*不仅对单烯烃具有优良的结构选择性 ,而且与单烯烃的沸点具有高度相关性。     

辽河源典型森林群落下枯落物的水文特性

以辽河源自然保护区典型森林群落为对象,对其下枯落物储量和持水量等水文特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)研究区枯落物总储量变化范围为7.92~15.56t/hm2,60a林龄油松纯林储量最大,华北落叶松纯林最小;(2)研究区最大持水率变化范围为164.12%~333.06%,最大持水率大小排序为:杨桦混交林华北落叶松纯林50a油松纯林60a油松纯林40a油松纯林;(3)研究区最大持水量变化范围为21.31~38.13t/hm2,最大持水量大小依次为:杨桦混交林60a油松纯林50a油松纯林华北落叶松纯林40a油松纯林;(4)对枯落物持水过程进行回归分析,各群落枯落物未分解层和半分解层持水量与浸水时间之间均服从对数函数回归关系(R0.87),持水速率与浸泡时间之间均符合幂函数关系(R0.87)。     

微地形空间离散化水文响应单元确定方法

空间离散化是分布式水文模型构建的充要条件。在90 mm/h雨强人工降雨试验、三维激光扫描构建微地形数字高程模型(M-DEM)的基础上,基于元胞自动机(CA)模型研究了人工掏挖微地形在5种不同坡度条件下侵蚀发育过程中不同大小格网/元胞的水沙汇集和传递关系,进而提出空间离散化水文响应单元(HRU)的确定方法。结果表明:基于CA模型所确定的5°,10°,15°,20°和25°坡在溅蚀阶段的最佳HRU大小为6 mm,5 mm,6 mm,5 mm,8 mm; 片蚀阶段的最佳HRU大小为6 mm,4 mm,6 mm,5 mm,5 mm,细沟侵蚀阶段的最佳HRU大小为4 mm,7 mm,5 mm,6 mm,6 mm,纳什效率系数均接近于1; 综合以上,90 mm/h雨强下人工掏挖微地形水蚀模拟最佳HRU应为6 mm。研究提出了一种微地形空间离散化的方法,为微地形尺度水蚀定量化研究提供了一定的技术支撑。     

Millimetre scale aeration of the rhizosphere and drilosphere

Soil aeration is a critical factor for oxygen-limited subsoil processes, as transport by diffusion and advection is restricted by the long distance to the free atmosphere. Oxygen transport into the soil matrix is highly dependent on its connectivity to larger pore channels like earthworm and root colonised biopores. Here we hypothesize that the soil matrix around biopores represents different connectivity depending on biopore genesis and actual coloniser. We analysed the soil pore system of undisturbed soil core samples around biopores generated or colonised by roots and earthworms and compared them with the pore system of soil, not in the immediacy of a biopore. Oxygen partial pressure profiles and gas relative diffusion was measured in the rhizosphere and drilosphere from the biopore wall into the bulk soil with microelectrodes. The measurements were linked with structural features such as porosity and connectivity obtained from X-ray tomography and image analysis. Aeration was enhanced in the soil matrix surrounding biopores in comparison to the bulk soil, shown by higher oxygen concentrations and higher relative diffusion coefficients. Biopores colonised by roots presented more connected lateral pores than earthworm colonised ones, which resulted in enhanced aeration of the rhizosphere compared to the drilosphere. This has influenced biotic processes (microbial turnover/mineralization or root respiration) at biopore interfaces and highlights the importance of microstructural features for soil processes and their dependency on the biopore's coloniser.