The complementary role of lentic and lotic habitats for Arctic grayling in a complex stream‐lake network in Arctic Alaska

Lakes can be important to stream dwelling fishes, yet how individuals exploit habitat heterogeneity across complex stream‐lake networks is poorly understood. Furthermore, despite growing awareness that intermittent streams are widely used by fish, studies documenting the use of seasonally accessible lakes remain scarce. We studied Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in a small seasonally flowing (June–October) stream‐lake network in Alaska using PIT telemetry. Overall, 70% of fish visited two lakes, 8% used a single lake, and 22% used only stream reaches. We identified five distinct behavioural patterns that differed in dominant macrohabitat used (deep lake, shallow lake or stream reaches), entry day into the network and mobility. Some juvenile fish spent the entire summer in a shallow seasonally frozen lake (average 71 days), whereas others demonstrated prospecting behaviour and only entered the stream channel briefly in September. Another group included adult and juvenile fish that were highly mobile, moving up to 27 km while in the 3‐km stream‐lake network, and used stream reaches extensively (average 59 days). Lentic and lotic habitats served differing roles for individuals, some fish occupied stream reaches as summer foraging habitat, and other individuals used them as migration corridors to access lakes. Our study emphasises the importance of considering stream‐lake connectivity in stream fish assessments, even to shallow seasonally frozen habitats not widely recognised as important. Furthermore, we demonstrate that individuals may use temporary aquatic habitats in complex and changing ways across ontogeny that are not captured by typical classifications of fish movement behaviour.     

云南景谷县地质灾害调查

对云南省景谷傣族彝族自治县的地质灾害进行了调查研究,包括区域气象与水文、区域地质、地质灾害分布情况。结果表明:该县地质灾害分布范围广、空间分布不均匀,各乡镇均有地质灾害分布,共发生地质灾害318处,其中民乐镇、景谷乡、威远镇、水平镇地质灾害相对较发育,占全县总数的62%,碧安乡和勐班乡等乡镇的地质灾害分布较少。最后分析了资质灾害的受控因素。     

Scale‐dependent effects of isolation on seasonal patch colonisation by two Neotropical freshwater fishes

The metapopulation paradigm has been central to improve the conservation and management of natural populations. However, despite the large number of studies on metapopulation dynamics, the overall support for the relationships on which the paradigm is based has not been strong. Here, we studied the occupancy dynamics of two Neotropical fishes (i.e., Pimelodella gracilis and Leporinus friderici) to investigate two fundamental premises of the metapopulation paradigm, that is, that isolation and area/habitat quality affect colonisation and extinction probabilities in predictable ways. In order to do this, we used a modification of occupancy models that allows modelling the probability of a site's occupancy as a function of the occupancy of its neighbourhood. We found a weak positive effect of neighbourhood occupancy on P. gracilis colonisation, which is consistent with the propagule rain metapopulation, that is, colonists arriving from outside the studied system. However, we found a strong negative neighbourhood effect on extinction probability, suggesting that declining populations from stream sections are rescued from extinction by neighbouring patches. In contrast, the effect of neighbourhood occupancy on the metapopulation dynamics of L. friderici was in the opposite direction, affecting positively colonisation but not affecting extinction rates, which is consistent with the classical metapopulation model. In addition, the occupancy dynamics of both species were affected by water velocity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to link directly dispersal to local population dynamics in Neotropical fishes, and one of the few studies doing inferences on spatial population dynamics based on direct estimates of neighbourhood occupancy.     

顾及生态系统连通性的永久基本农田划定

在生态文明背景下，探索兼顾耕地资源保护与生态系统维护的永久基本农田划定方法对构建国土空间开发新格局具有重要意义。该研究通过最小累积阻力（minimum cumulative resistance，MCR）模型与电路理论等在识别生态源地、生态廊道和“踏脚石”基础上，将土地评价与立地条件分析（land evaluation and site assessment，LESA）方法及未来土地利用模拟（future land use simulation model，FLUS）模型相结合构建了一套顾及生态系统连通性的永久基本农田划定方法，以期为十堰市永久基本农田划定提供一定理论参考。结果表明：1）十堰市生态源地共计26个，主要以林地与水域为主，分布在南部和中部山地丘陵区；生态廊道共计66条，集中分布在竹溪县、竹山县、房县等境内；“踏脚石”共计121个。2）基于LESA方法划定的永久基本农田虽然满足了目标需求量，但与重要生态系统连通性用地存在严重冲突，与生态源地、生态廊道、“踏脚石”冲突面积分别为1772.64、4274.19、391.86 hm²。3）顾及生态系统连通性的永久基本农田划定方法，有效避开了划定的永久基本农田对生态源地、生态廊道与“踏脚石”等侵占，而且满足了未来城市用地增长需求，同时划定的永久基本农田质量高，集中连片性强，农田形状也较规则，便于机械化耕作，对保障中国粮食安全，推进农业供给侧结构性改革，实现乡村振兴具有重要作用。     

Ongoing and Emerging Questions in Water Erosion Studies

Soil erosion is a threat to food security, especially in regions where the area of arable land is shrinking dramatically because of soil degradation. Research on soil erosion expanded progressively throughout the 20th centu\ry, although a number of unresolved problems persist despite this issue being crucial for the environment and the welfare of society. Some basic unresolved issues, including the absence of a universally accepted definition of soil erosion and disagreement about how to measure it have contributed to a degree of scientific stagnation. Accurate prediction of the response of soils to disturbance is hampered by the dependence of the erosion process on the spatial scale involved, the time lag between the disturbance and the erosion response and the short periods for which data are typically available. We argue that devoting increased attention to the following environmental, demographic, political and societal issues will reinvigorate progress in the field. (i) The relationships between on‐site and off‐site consequences of soil erosion need to be elucidated if the economic and environmental costs are to be adequately assessed. (ii) Effective measures for soil conservation need to focus on spatial patterns of plant cover that reduce sediment connectivity, and most importantly on the relationships between hillslopes and sediment transfer in eroded channels. (iii) The scientific community must be able to identify early warning signs of critical transitions, if irreversible soil degradation is to be prevented. (iv) Consensus needs to be reached concerning the contribution of soil erosion to the carbon cycle. (v) The consequences of climate change on erosion and sediment transport should be investigated in depth. (vi) The general society needs to perceive soil erosion as a critical matter requiring an urgent response. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

嘉陵江上游严重退化地5种森林植被类型枯落物的持水功能比较

对嘉陵江上游严重退化地不同植被恢复类型进行枯落物持水功能研究。结果表明：5种不同植被恢复模式的枯落物储量顺序为火烧迹地灌丛（12．85t·hm^-2）〉刺槐林（9．76t·hm^-2）〉刺槐-湿地松混交林（9．52t·hm^-2）〉青冈林（6．01t·hm^-2）〉湿地松纯林（3．76t·hm^-2）。持水能力的排列顺序为火烧迹地灌丛（33．60t·hm^-2）〉刺槐林（19．90t·hm^-2）〉刺槐-湿地松混交林（11．50t·hm^-2）〉青冈林（8．70t·hm^-2）〉湿地松纯林（3．70t·hm^-2）。虽林分不同，但其浸水实验中枯落物的持水过程均表现出相似的特性，即前期吸水量大（1h以前），并在较短时间内（2～4h）达到较稳定的状态，且与林分生物多样性关系不大。各林分地表枯落物对降水的有效拦蓄量的变化范围为283～2759t·km^-2，平均为1253．4t·km^-2，其有效拦蓄量的大小顺序为火烧迹地灌丛〉刺槐林〉刺槐-湿地松混交林〉青冈林〉湿地松纯林。     

景观生态林建设适宜网络连接度技术研究

从区域景观生态林建设在区域社会经济发展的重要地位出发,在应用遥感技术和全球定位系统技术获取区域土地资源数据的基础上,以景观生态学理论为指导,深入研究林业用地的景观多样性、景观异质性和立地生境的复杂性,调整和确定适宜的网络连接度,构建区域景观生态林业建设线状地物绿化技术模式。     

Dispersal of vascular plants by game in northern Germany. Part I: Roe deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capreolus capreolus</Emphasis>) and wild boar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sus scrofa</Emphasis>)

The endozoochorous and epizoochorous dispersal of vascular plant species by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) was investigated in forest areas of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony, Germany. The primary aim of this study was to learn about which plant species and in what numbers diaspores are dispersed by the two wild ungulate species. In particular, the significance of zoochory for species composition and biodiversity of forests was evaluated. Fresh faecal pellets were collected from April–November 2001 in the forests of the two study areas. In addition, the coats and hooves of shot roe deer and wild boar were brushed out. The number of viable seeds was determined by greenhouse germination (seedling emergence method). The samples were spread in trays over sterilized soil from the study forests and were kept under controlled conditions in the greenhouse for 12 months. A total of 2,473 individuals from 77 vascular plant species were recorded. While roe deer exceeded wild boar concerning seed contents in the faeces, the significance of roe deer for epizoochorous dispersal was relatively low compared with wild boar. An analysis of the habitat preference of the vascular plant species dispersed by the two ungulate species revealed a high proportion of species growing in forests as well as in the open landscape, and also of non-forest species, while woody plants and herbaceous species closely tied to forest habitats were severely underrepresented. We also discuss consequences for forest ecology and nature conservation.     

森林对河川径流影响关系的研究进展

国外森林和水分的关系的科学研究始于20世纪初,森林与径流关系的研究方法大致有大范围的计量分析研究、一个林区或林场的计量调查、小范围的定位观测试验3大类。森林对径流影响的研究主要有森林对年径流的影响、森林对洪水径流的影响、森林对枯水径流影响等几个方面。今后应加强合作研究,特别是利用网络研究对比不同集水区之间的结果来探讨森林对径流的影响,同时重视新技术和新方法的应用。     

辽河源典型森林类型的土壤水文效应

[目的]研究辽河源地区典型森林类型林下土壤的水文效应,为辽河源森林生态系统健康的监测和评价提供理论佐证。[方法]选取典型森林类型,采用不同入渗模型拟合各森林类型土壤的入渗过程。[结果](1)土壤容重变化范围为1.21~1.56g/cm3,油松中龄林最大,山杨成熟林最小;土壤总孔隙度变化范围为41.26%~54.38%,山杨成熟林最大,油松中龄林最小;(2)山杨成熟林土壤蓄水能力最强,为1 087.56t/hm2;油松中龄林土壤蓄水能力最小,为825.17t/hm2;(3)山杨成熟林稳渗速率最大,为1.33mm/min;(4)霍顿(Horton)入渗模型和菲利普(Philip)入渗模型能较好地反映各森林群落土壤入渗过程,但通用幂函数模型拟合结果较差。[结论]不同森林类型土壤均表现出随着土层深度的增加容重逐渐增加的现象,阔叶林林下土壤蓄水能力要强于针叶林,通过比较认为可以利用霍顿(Horton)模型作为研究该区森林土壤水文功能的重要手段。