不同大小棚旱育苗方式对棚温及秧苗素质的影响

为剖析大、中、小3种棚膜旱育苗方式在吉林稻作区的孰优孰劣,以‘通引58’、‘通禾836’、‘通禾835’为试材,采用吉林稻区目前普遍推广的大棚、中棚、小棚旱育苗方式,就活动积温和有效积温、秧苗素质方面进行调查统计分析。3种旱育苗方式不同时间段活动积温和有效积温高低均表现为：大棚旱育苗>中棚旱育苗>小旱育苗。不同旱育苗方式出现超过水稻生物学上限温度次数多少表现为：大棚旱育苗>小棚旱育苗>中棚旱育苗规律;出现低于生物学下限温度次数多少表现为：小棚旱育苗>中棚旱育苗>大棚旱育苗。在秧苗素质方面,不同旱育苗方式之间的株高、根数、地上干重和出苗率差异显著,其高低、多少均呈现大棚旱育苗方式>小棚旱育苗>中棚旱育苗规律;叶龄、茎数上大棚旱育苗显著高于其他2种旱育苗方式,而中棚、小棚旱育苗差异并不显著;地上干重大棚和中棚旱育苗之间无显著差异,但二者都显著大于小棚旱育苗。生产中提倡使用大棚旱育苗方式,其次是中棚旱育苗,但大棚一定要提早和延长通风炼苗的时间;而小棚旱育苗在吉林省夜间积温较低地区建议不用或少用,若用应留意夜间低温,进而采取保温措施。     

龟裂碱土对不同基因型甜高粱幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为探明甜高粱幼苗对龟裂碱土胁迫的响应,通过盆栽试验,以5个不同基因型的甜高粱为材料,研究了龟裂碱土对甜高粱幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,龟裂碱土抑制了甜高粱幼苗的生长,显著降低了甜高粱幼苗株高、根长和植株干重。龟裂碱土胁迫条件下,不同基因型甜高粱叶绿素含量和光合速率均大幅度降低,而叶片质膜相对透性、MDA含量以及SOD、POD、CAT等保护性酶活性则显著升高。不同基因型甜高粱对龟裂碱土胁迫的耐受能力存在较大差异,品种ZNH05耐盐碱能力较差,ZNH07和ZNH18则表现出较强的耐盐碱性。     

钙对低温胁迫下玉米幼苗氧化损伤的保护作用

采用室内盆栽试验,利用不同浓度的CaCl₂（0、5、10、15、20 mmol·L^-1）处理低温胁迫下的玉米幼苗,研究了钙对玉米幼苗抗冷性的作用。结果表明：与对照相比,低温处理明显抑制了玉米幼苗的生长,减缓了可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的积累,抗氧化酶活性下降,脯氨酸含量减少,丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,质膜透性增大。适宜浓度的钙（5～10 mmol·L^-1）能减缓低温胁迫下玉米幼苗质膜相对透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加,促进脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,其中10 mmol·L^-1 Ca²⁺处理的效果最为明显。     

Interactions between the tillage system and crop rotation on the crop yield and weed populations under arid conditions

Field experiments were conducted in Iran in order to determine the interactions between the tillage system and crop rotation on weed seedling populations and crop yields from 2002 to 2005. No tillage, shallow tillage and deep tillage were the main plots and three crop sequences comprising continuous wheat (W‐W), wheat–canola–wheat–canola (C‐W) and wheat–safflower–wheat–safflower (S‐W) were the subplots. Bromus japonicus, Carthumus lanatus, Polygonum aviculare, Lolium temulentum and Avena ludoviciana were found to be the dominant species. The initial weed population in 2002 was estimated at 65 seedlings per m² and B. japonicus (～35 seedlings per m²) was the most abundant species, followed by A. ludoviciana and L. temulentum. The dominant weed species mostly did not favor the combination of S‐W and C‐W with any tillage type. For the B. japonicus population, S‐W in combination with moldboard plowing indicated the lowest seedling population. In conclusion, the crop sequence in combination with tillage would help to control troublesome weed species. Safflower and canola were determined to be effective in reducing the grass weeds. The inclusion of these crops in rotation also increased the total revenue of the cropping systems because of the higher sale price of canola and safflower.     

冬枣极早期幼胚培养成苗技术研究

以胚龄15 ~ 20 d的球形期后期‘冬枣’幼胚为试材,对培养基种类、种皮保留与否、接种方式、生长调节剂种类、水解乳蛋白（LH）和活性炭（AC）用量、蔗糖浓度等影响极早期幼胚培养的诸因素进行了系统研究。结果表明,采用MS + 3.0 mg ? L-1 IAA + 0.5 mg ? L-1 6- BA + 1 g ? L-1 AC + 0.8 g ? L-1 LH + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖的培养基,去除种皮后将带有胚乳的幼胚合点端接入培养基,在21 ℃下进行培养,胚萌发率和正常胚比率最高可分别达到93%和84%。萌发后的幼胚在MS + IBA 0.4 mg ? L-1的培养基中继续培养,生根率可达40%。其中,去除种皮带胚乳培养和幼胚合点端朝下接种对极早期幼胚的培养至关重要。     

The establishment of Taraxacum officinale plants in grassland

Factors involved in the establishment of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) seedlings in grasslands and plant mortality in the first growing season were studied during 2008–2011. The study was conducted at 11 grassland sites that differed in the quantity of seed rain and the intensity of seedling predation by slugs. In April, of each study year, 10 plots open to the sedimentation of naturally dispersed seeds were established at each site, five plots of which were also sown with 250 T. officinale seeds each. The amount of natural seed rain, slug feeding activity and number of plants in each plot were then recorded at monthly intervals. Seed rain and seedling predation accounted for c. 50% of the variation in seedling establishment. Populations of established seedlings then declined through October, at which point they were at 25% of the original abundance on average. The percentage of plants that survived varied among sites and years. The temporal and spatial variation in T. officinale establishment and survival of young plants was enormous, even within a small area. Predation of seedlings by slugs can effectively prevent the establishment of T. officinale in grassland. This only occurred, however, at slug abundances not acceptable under conditions of public access.     

Fates of Setaria faberi and Abutilon theophrasti seeds in three crop rotation systems

Weed seeds in and on the soil are the primary cause of weed infestations in arable fields. Previous studies have documented reductions in weed seedbanks due to cropping system diversification through extended rotation sequences, but the impacts of different rotation systems on additions to and losses from weed seedbanks remain poorly understood. We conducted an experiment in Iowa, USA, to determine the fates of Setaria faberi and Abutilon theophrasti seeds in 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐year crop rotation systems when seed additions to the soil seedbank were restricted to a single pulse at the initiation of the study. Over the course of the experiment, seedlings were removed as they emerged and prevented from producing new seeds. After 41 months, seed population densities dropped >85% for S. faberi and >65% for A. theophrasti, but differences between rotation systems in the magnitude of seedbank reductions were not detected. Most of the reductions in seedbank densities took place from autumn through early spring in the first 5 months following seed deposition, before seedling emergence occurred, suggesting that seed predation and/or seed decay was important. For S. faberi, total cumulative seedling emergence and total seed mortality did not differ between rotation systems. In contrast, for A. theophrasti, seedling emergence was 71% lower and seed mortality was 83% greater in the 3‐ and 4‐year rotation systems than in the 2‐year system. Results of this study indicate that for certain weed species, such as A. theophrasti, crop rotation systems can strongly affect life‐history processes associated with soil seedbanks.     

Quantitative trait loci mapping of seed colour,hairy leaf,seedling anthocyanin,leaf chlorosis and days to flowering in F2 population of Brassica rapa L.

A diversity arrays technology (DArT) map was constructed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting seed colour, hairy leaf, seedling anthocyanin, leaf chlorosis and days to flowering in Brassica rapa using a F₂ population from a cross between two parents with contrasting traits. Two genes with dominant epistatic interaction were responsible for seed colour. One major dominant gene controls the hairy leaf trait. Seedling anthocyanin was controlled by a major single dominant gene. The parents did not exhibit leaf chlorosis; however, 32% F₂ plants showed leaf chlorosis in the population. A distorted segregation was observed for days to flowering in the F₂ population. A linkage map was constructed with 376 DArT markers distributed over 12 linkage groups covering 579.7 cM. The DArT markers were assigned on different chromosomes of B. rapa using B. rapa genome sequences and DArT consensus map of B. napus. Two QTL (RSC1‐2 and RSC12‐56) located on chromosome A8 and chromosome A9 were identified for seed colour, which explained 19.4% and 18.2% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The seed colour marker located in the ortholog to Arabidopsis thaliana Transparent Testa2 (AtTT2). Two QTL RLH6‐0 and RLH9‐16 were identified for hairy leaf, which explained 31.6% and 20.7% phenotypic variation, respectively. A single QTL (RSAn‐12‐157) on chromosome A7, which explained 12.8% of phenotypic variation was detected for seedling anthocyanin. The seedling anthocyanin marker is found within the A. thaliana Transparent Testa12 (AtTT12) ortholog. A QTL (RLC6‐04) for leaf chlorosis was identified, which explained 55.3% of phenotypic variation. QTL for hairy leaf and leaf chlorosis were located 0–4 cM apart on the same chromosome A1. A single QTL (RDF‐10‐0) for days to flowering was identified, which explained 21.4% phenotypic variation.     

水分条件对狗牙根匍匐茎萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过控制土壤水分含量的盆栽试验,设置C₀（5%）,C₁（10%）,C₂（20%）,C₃（25%）,C₄（30%）和C₅（35%）6个水分处理,研究了不同的土壤水分含量对狗牙根匍匐茎萌发及幼苗生长过程中各项指标的影响。结果表明:（1）随土壤水分含量的增加,狗牙根匍匐茎的萌发率和幼苗株高、叶片数量、叶片长度、叶绿素以及单株生物量均呈先升高后降低的趋势;（2）土壤水分含量与狗牙根幼苗特征值（幼苗株高、叶片数量、叶片长度、单株生物量）存在显著或极显著的相关性;（3）利用高斯模型定量分析狗牙根匍匐茎对土壤水分含量的响应,得出狗牙根匍匐茎萌发及幼苗的最适土壤水分生态幅为[14.78%,30.15%],极限生态幅为[5.65%,38.26%],水分含量对狗牙根匍匐茎萌发幼苗的单株生物量和平均叶片长度影响最为显著。