不同植被恢复模式土壤结构特征与健康评价

对湘西女儿寨流域不同植被恢复类型的土壤结构特征研究和健康评价的结果表明:荒草灌丛容重最高,人工林土壤容重高于天然林及混交林;对土壤孔隙状况的改善作用表现为林分类型优于荒草灌丛类型,天然林优于人工林,0~20 cm土层优于20~40 cm土层;土壤团聚体平均重量直径以油桐人工林、杜仲人工林最高,马尾松天然林、毛竹杉木混交林其次,而润楠次生林、荒草灌丛、杉木人工林较低;各层土壤团聚体分形维数值大小排序为:毛竹杉木混交林>马尾松天然林>荒草灌丛、润楠次生林>杜仲人工林>油桐人工林>杉木人工林;土壤结构健康综合评价的灰色关联分析结果表明,土壤结构以荒草灌丛最差,油桐人工林最好,其余类型介于两者之间.研究结果可为女儿寨流域及我国类似生态脆弱区的植被恢复与重建提供一定依据和参考.     

饮用水的水质污染对人的危害

饮用水的质量,是人们普遍关心的问题。饮用水受到各种污染后,对人的危害是不容忽视的。本文就国内外饮用水的水质污染对人体造成的危害进行了综述。     

野生动物在人兽共患病发生、传播中的作用

近年来,人兽共患病已经成为影响全球的重大公共卫生问题,野生动物作为许多人兽共患病原体的"储存宿主",其作用正为越来越多的人所重视.介绍几种古老的和近年来新出现的重大人兽共患病的流行和危害情况,阐述野生动物在其发生和流行中的作用,探讨人兽共患病的预防、控制措施.     

Public health effects of accidents in self-employed forestry work

Little is known about the extent of work-related accidents occurring during the performance of forestry work by the non-industrial private forest owner or their assistant (hereafter called self-employed NIPF). The absence of an effective accident registration system largely excludes this group from accurate representation in official statistics. In this study, data from 1996 to 2001 were collected from hospital injury records managed by the Umeå Accident Analysis Group at the University Hospital in Umeå. During that period, it was found that 485 persons in the Umeå region were given medical attention due to injuries possibly acquired during self-employed forestry work. Questionnaires about the accidents were sent to each of the 485 injured persons and 80% were returned. Responses revealed that 225 of the respondents were injured during self-employed forestry work. Out of these, 81% performed fewer than 31 days of forestry work annually. Due to the injury, 29% had been on sick leave for some period of time and 42% had persistent symptoms. On average, each injury led to 13 days of sick leave and 24 hours of institutional care. Firewood production was shown to be a key factor behind the large number of accidents for self-employed NIPF. Further studies on the lack of knowledge about how the work should be done and conscious risk taking should be considered as an important link to the development of effective accident prevention strategies.     

新型兽医服务体系建设要素

兽医服务体系对畜牧业持续建康发展,动物重大疫病防控,保障公共卫生安全等起着十分重要的作用。论文结合国家对"三农"工作的发展要求,从兽医服务体系改革思路、构建新型体制机制、提升兽医专业技能水平、政策支持,建立有效的财政保障运行机制、推广普及和新技术应用、完善兽医法律体系建设和兽医信息化建设等方面进行了论述,以期为人类和社会提供更好的服务。     

ACVIM Consensus Statement on Therapeutic Antimicrobial Use in Animals and Antimicrobial Resistance

The epidemic of antimicrobial resistant infections continues to challenge, compromising animal care, complicating food animal production and posing zoonotic disease risks. While the overall role of therapeutic antimicrobial use in animals in the development AMR in animal and human pathogens is poorly defined, veterinarians must consider the impacts of antimicrobial use in animal and take steps to optimize antimicrobial use, so as to maximize the health benefits to animals while minimizing the likelihood of antimicrobial resistance and other adverse effects. This consensus statement aims to provide guidance on the therapeutic use of antimicrobials in animals, balancing the need for effective therapy with minimizing development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from animals and humans.     

Meat Juice Serology and Improved Food Chain Information as Control Tools for Pork‐Related Public Health Hazards

The seroprevalence of Salmonella spp., pathogenic Yersinia spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. was studied in 1353 finishing pigs from 259 farms that were allocated according to farm types: large fattening farms (≥1000 pig places), small fattening farms (< 1000 pig places) and farrow‐to‐finish farms. The antibodies were analysed with commercial ELISA kits in meat juice samples that were collected at Finnish slaughterhouses. Salmonella antibodies were rare (3% of pigs, 14% of farms) when the cut‐off optical density (OD) value 0.2 was used. Antibodies to pathogenic Yersinia spp. and T. gondii were detected in 57% of pigs and 85% of farms (OD ≥0.3) and in 3% of pigs and 9% of farms (OD ≥0.15), respectively. No antibodies to Trichinella spp. were detected (OD ≥0.3). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) considers Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, T. gondii and Trichinella spp. as the most relevant biological hazards in the context of meat inspection of pigs. The seroprevalence of these important zoonotic pathogens was low in Finland, except that of Yersinia. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma was significantly higher in pigs originating from small‐scale fattening farms (P < 0.05). Strong positive correlation was observed at the animal level between Salmonella and Yersinia seropositivity and between Salmonella and Toxoplasma seropositivity (P < 0.05). We suggest that these results reflect the level and importance of biosecurity measures applied on the farms. Meat juice serology at slaughter is a useful tool for targeting measures to control these pathogens. The information obtained from analyses should be used as part of the food chain information (FCI).     

思茅松毛虫成虫肠道细菌多样性

【目的】 研究野外采集的思茅松毛虫（Dendrolimu kikuchii）成虫的肠道细菌多样性,为思茅松毛虫的防治和云南松（Pinus yunnanensis）等树木的保护奠定基础。【方法】 分别提取思茅松毛虫雄蛾和雌蛾的肠道总DNA,基于Illumina NovaSeq（PE250）平台运用高通量技术对肠道细菌16S rDNA基因V3~V4区进行测序和分析,分析雄虫和雌虫的肠道菌群的结构多样性。【结果】 从思茅松毛虫成虫中共获得1 278个操作分类单元（OTUs）,涵盖28个门75个纲173个目296个科550个属。在门水平上,雄蛾和雌蛾的优势菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria,雌81.27%/雄81.17%）;在科水平上,雄蛾的优势菌科是鞘脂单胞菌科（Sphingomonadaceae,49.16%）和丛毛单胞菌科（Comamonadaceae,19.09%）,雌蛾的优势菌科是欧文氏菌科（Erwiniaceae,34.09%）和丛毛单胞菌科（Comamonadaceae,16.68%）;在属水平上,雄蛾的优势菌属是鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas,48.09%）,雌蛾的优势菌属是泛生菌属（Pantoea,31.58%）。思茅松毛虫雌蛾肠道细菌的物种多样性比雄蛾丰富。雄蛾肠道中丰度差异显著性最高的菌群为α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）,雌蛾肠道中丰度差异显著性最高的菌群为γ-变形杆菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）。【结论】 思茅松毛虫成虫肠道具有丰富的细菌资源。