主养草鱼池塘三种混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较

为进一步提高我国广大池塘养鱼的产品质量、经济效益和改善其生态环境。本试验在武汉新洲973项目实验基地9个陆基鱼池中进行了三种不同混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较研究,每种模式设3个重复。模式Ⅰ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙和高背鲫;模式Ⅱ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙、匙吻鲟和高背鲫;模式Ⅲ中放养草鱼、鲢和高背鲫。 结果表明：通过122d的养殖试验,模式Ⅱ中草鱼的生长不仅显著高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ（P<0.05）,而且其经济效益模式Ⅱ同样高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ。     

Development and validation of a range of endogenous controls to support the implementation of practical Taqman real-time PCR-based surveillance for fish diseases within aquaculture

The use of Taqman real-time PCR-based technology has recently become more frequent in the detection of pathogens in the aquaculture industry. This interest has necessitated the development of robust and reliable pathogen-detection assays. The development of a range of endogenous control assays to be run alongside these diagnostic assays works to further increase confidence in the latter. This study describes the design of a range of endogenous control assays based on the elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) gene specific to a range of fish species including Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; brown trout, Salmo trutta; cod, Gadus morhua; haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus; saithe, Pollachius virens; whiting, Merlangius merlangus; Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii; carp (family Cyprinidae), roach, Rutilus rutilus; European eel, Anguilla anguilla; and herring, Clupea harengus, as well as a number of fish cell lines. Evidence is provided of the validation of these assays for specific species, a range of tissue types and cell lines as well as an example of the potential uses of these assays.     

Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect five common Gram-negative bacteria of aquatic animals

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) technique was developed as a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool for identifying five major Gram-negative bacilli -Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Edwardsiella tarda- that cause major diseases in cultured aquatic animals in Taiwan. The expected amplicons for V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, A. hydrophila, C. meningosepticum and E. tarda were 410, 368, 685, 180 and 230bp, respectively. The assay was shown to be specific for the target pathogens. The sensitivities of detection were estimated to be 20.5fg～200pg of genomic DNA or 10(2) ～10(4) colony-forming units (cfu) of bacterial isolates when adopted as PCR templates. The m-PCR was capable of simultaneously amplifying target fragments from bacterial genome DNA mixed with the DNA extracted from viscera and tissues taken from fish without affecting the performance of the method.     

Diseases of north European wrasse (Labridae) and possible interactions with cohabited farmed salmon, Salmo salar L

There have been several reported studies of wrasse health but none of these has shown transmission of wrasse diseases when stocked with farmed Atlantic salmon. Most of the studies have focussed on bacterial and parasite issues, including treatment of bacterial diseases with antibiotics and vaccination of wrasse. Classical and atypical furunculosis have been reported in wrasse following stress, and wrasse have been susceptible to vibrio infection. Further study is required on the vaccination of wrasse for furunculosis with latent carrier status to maximize survival. There are studies on viral diseases such as infectious pancreatic necrosis, infectious salmon anaemia and pancreas disease and although these did not give any undue concern for salmon health, there is also scope for further study in this area. Resident parasite communities of wrasse are largely host-specific and do not appear to be a threat to salmon. Given that wrasse have not, to date, been a vector of disease in salmon, attention should be placed on maintaining best practice in cohabiting wrasse with salmon. Other issues that should be addressed are good welfare of wrasse in pens and identifying measures of this, the identification of losses of wrasse in pens, being alert to potential emerging diseases through health screening of mortalities and assessing the risks associated with carrying forward wrasse from one salmon production cycle to the next. Issues of exploitation by fishing on wild wrasse stocks and improved biosecurity may be addressed by the increased movement by the industry to the stocking of farmed wrasse.     

草鱼鱼鳞胶原蛋白的提取及其部分生物学性能

以草鱼鱼鳞为原料, 分别提取鱼鳞中的酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC), 着重开展了其包括热稳定性、体外酶降解性以及胶原海绵材料特性在内的相关研究, 并与哺乳动物来源的猪皮胶原(PC)相比较。实验结果表明, 制备所得的3种胶原蛋白均为典型的Ⅰ型胶原并具有完整的三螺旋结构; PC的热变性温度(41.6 ℃)明显高于ASC(34.8 ℃)和PSC(35.2 ℃); 3种胶原蛋白的体外酶降解性能受水解酶的种类、胶原蛋白提取方法、胶原蛋白来源、胶原蛋白受热历史以及蛋白的自组装程度影响。胶原蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶对淡水鱼胶原均具有不同程度的降解能力, 但胶原蛋白酶的降解能力最强; 相同条件下, 3种胶原蛋白体外酶降解率依次为ASC>PSC>PC; 经热变性处理后胶原蛋白的体外酶降解率明显提高而经体外自组装处理后其体外酶降解率均出现不同程度的降低; 3种胶原样品冻干后得到的胶原海绵材料具有不同的机械性能和组织结构, ASC和PSC海绵是一种多孔但拉伸承受力较弱的海绵材料, 而PC则与之相反。     

鱼类肠道的碳酸盐结晶物：海水鱼类养殖在碳汇渔业中的地位和作用

鱼类是一个迄今尚未被认知的非常重要的微细碳酸盐沉积物的来源,对海洋固碳有着重要作用,这个发现直接影响到碳汇渔业的内涵.本研究介绍了海洋硬骨鱼类渗透压调节机制及鱼类肠道碳酸盐结晶形成与其肠细胞膜上物质转运之间的关系,着重阐述了鱼类肠道碳酸盐结晶的特征,并论述了通过对特定区域内鱼类生物量和碳酸盐排泄率数据的研究,估计出全球海洋鱼类每年可产生大约1.1亿t的碳酸钙,在海洋总碳酸盐岩泥中占14％以上.研究重点论述了海水鱼类固碳的独特优势潜力,同时,提出为了更好地确定海水鱼类养殖在碳汇渔业中的地位和作用,有必要对主要海水养殖鱼类肠道碳酸结晶物的形成量及其调控机制,碳收支动态模型进行研究,进而合理地估算和测定海水鱼类养殖的碳汇量.     

鱼肉酶解物及壳聚糖对鲤鱼涂膜保鲜效果的研究

以感官评分、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、K值为指标,研究比较了鱼肉酶解物和壳聚糖为原料的涂膜液对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)(4℃)冷藏过程中品质变化的影响。结果显示:贮藏期间,对照组的感官评分显著低于各涂膜组(P<0.05)。贮藏前8 d,涂膜组能够显著抑制K值的升高(P<0.05)。鱼肉酶解物和壳聚糖涂膜组均能够显著抑制细菌的生长,而贮藏2～6 d内鱼肉酶解物涂膜鲤鱼的菌落总数显著低于壳聚糖涂膜组(P<0.05)。贮藏后期,鱼肉酶解物组能延缓TVB-N值的升高,壳聚糖涂膜组能够显著抑制TVB-N值的升高(P<0.05)。鱼肉酶解物可作为一种新的可食性涂膜材料,用于延长鲤鱼的贮藏期。     

夏秋季西北太平洋柔鱼渔业生物学的初步研究

根据2007年7-10月我国鱿钓船在西北太平洋传统鱿钓作业渔场(150°～165°E,39°～45°N)渔汛期间所采集的柔鱼样本,对夏秋季柔鱼渔业生物学特性进行初步研究。研究得知,渔获物胴长范围为200～436 mm,平均胴长为282 mm,优势胴长为230～320 mm,占总数的81.60%。各月渔获物中雄性个体的平均胴长小于雌性个体。胴长与体重关系的生长指数接近3。渔获物中的性比符合1∶1(P>0.05),但成熟个体中雄性个体所占比例明显比雌性高(P<0.05)。渔获物的性腺成熟度以Ⅰ、Ⅱ期为主,雌性个体性腺成熟晚于雄性个体。缠卵腺长和缠卵腺重随着性腺的成熟而逐步增大。渔获物中胴长组成呈双峰型,且未成熟、成熟个体同时存在,由此判断作业海域中柔鱼存在2个种群,即小型的冬春季产卵群体和大型的秋季产卵群体,且以小型的冬春季产卵群体为主。     

不同蛋白原料对生长鹅生长性能及盲肠微生物的影响

选取300只健康、活泼的28日龄豁眼鹅,公母各半,体重为1 142.68(±50.64)g,随机分为3组,分别是血粉3%组、膨化血粉3%组和鱼粉3%组,每组设5次重复,每次重复20只鹅,试验时间28 d,研究在相同营养水平条件下,等比例的血粉、膨化血粉以及鱼粉对生长鹅生长性能和盲肠微生物菌群的影响和膨化血粉替代鱼粉的可行性。结果表明:平均日增重、饲料转化率以及盲肠内容物中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量的高低顺序为鱼粉组>膨化血粉组>血粉组,鱼粉组与膨化血粉组之间差异不显著,但均显著高于血粉组(P<0.05)。结果说明膨化血粉的饲喂效果显著好于血粉,在生长鹅日粮中可以3%比例等量替代鱼粉。     

Effects of 17/0 circle hooks and bait on fish catches in a Southern Atlantic swordfish longline fishery

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