长江口日本鳗鲡幼体矢耳石元素的SRXRF分析

2012年1-4 月,在长江河口靖江段采集了一批溯河洄游中的日本鳗鲡幼鱼,对其中5尾幼鱼的矢耳石进行了全耳石SRXRF分析。结果表明,SRXRF分析可精确测得14 种元素的含量,其中钙（Ca）和锶（Sr）的平均含量分别达240 215.928 μg/g和2 383.221 μg/g,是常量元素;其余12 种均属于微量元素,含量从高至低依次为钡 （Ba）、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、汞（Hg）、硒（Se）、钴（Co）、铜（Cu）、金（Au）、钒（V）。其中,钡（Ba）、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、锌（Zn）的平均含量在1～10 μg/g之间;铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、汞（Hg）、硒（Se）、钴（Co）、铜（Cu）、金（Au）、钒（V）的平均含量在1 μg/g以下。从元素的空间分布及全部测试点的含量分析来看,矢耳石内钙（Ca）和锶（Sr）的变异系数仅为10.11 %和21.83 %,是含量最稳定的元素;锰（Mn）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、钴（Co）、铜（Cu）的变异系数在23.11 %～35.88 %之间;钒（V）、汞（Hg）、铜（Au）和钡（Ba）的变异系数均超过50%;硒（Se）的变异系数达134.31 %,是含量最不稳定的元素。研究还发现,日本鳗鲡幼体从海洋到淡水洄游的过程中,耳石中锶（Sr）与钙（Ca）的比值变化存在较长时间的时迟现象。     

鳗鲡病原性气单胞菌AFLP分型研究

以32株从养殖鳗鲡分离的病原性气单胞菌为试验材料,采用Biolog自动菌鉴系统对其进行生理生化鉴定,结果表明,有20株被鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌,7株被鉴定为威隆气单胞菌,1株为豚鼠气单胞菌,其余4株未能鉴定到种.为进一步确定20株嗜水气单胞菌和7株威隆气单胞菌的基因型,筛选了2对引物（E-C/M-C,E-C/M-A）分别对这两个菌种进行了AFLP分析.结果表明：20株嗜水气单胞菌中共检测到88个位点,均为多态性位点;7株威隆气单胞菌中共检测到61个位点,其中60个为多态性位点.经UPGMA聚类分析表明：20株嗜水气单胞菌可初步分为3种类型,每种类型之间平均遗传距离为0.449,同一类型内不同菌株的平均遗传距离为0.127;7株威隆气单胞菌可初步分为4种类型,每种类型之间平均遗传距离为0.467,变异范围为0.415～0.525.该结果为鱼类病原菌的DNA分型研究提供了参考.     

氟苯尼考对鳗鲡常见致病菌体外抗菌后效应研究

采用试管液体二倍稀释法测定氟苯尼考对鳗鲡养殖中常见主要致病菌（肠杆菌B01、克雷伯氏菌B12、豚鼠气单胞菌B15和嗜水气单胞菌B20）的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,用菌落计数法分别测定氟苯尼考在0.5、1、2、4倍于各菌MIC时对鳗鲡致病菌株B01、B12、B15、B20体外抗菌后效应（PAE）。结果氟苯尼考在0.5、1、2、4倍MIC值时对鳗鲡致病菌株B01、B12、B15、B20均具有一定的PAE,且PAE与药物浓度在一定范围内（0.5-4倍MIC）呈剂量依赖关系,当药物浓度达4倍MIC时,PAE明显延长,分别为2.5±0.165、3.0±0.038、5.0±0.090和5.0±0.232h;氟苯尼考对B01、B12、B15、B20的PAE值在2倍MIC时差异较显著,在4倍MIC时对致病菌株B15和B20的PAE几乎无差异。相同浓度氟苯尼考对致病菌株B01和B12的PAE值明显低于B15和B20。结果提示在养殖鳗鲡病害防治中设计投药方案时,对常见致病菌B01、B12、B15和B20感染所造成的细菌性败血症、烂鳃、肝胆肿大等疾病,除了考虑药代动力学和MIC指标外,还需考虑PAE因素,可适当延长给药间隔时间,降低药物对鳗鲡的副作用及对其摄食量和生长的负面影响。     

基于资源分布和捕捞角度的鳗鱼国际贸易市场结构分析

通过对鳗苗资源、捕捞集中度及生产和贸易集中度分析,研究了鳗鱼国际贸易市场结构的背景、特点和运行机制.欧洲鳗苗主要分布在法国、西班牙、葡萄牙、英格兰和威尔士等7个国家,日本鳗苗则分布在中国大陆、日本和台湾地区.鳗鱼的生产由中国大陆、日本、台湾地区、韩国、荷兰、意大利和丹麦所主宰.活鳗鱼的国际贸易方向集中在中国大陆和台湾等...     

First isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum associated with reports of moribund wild European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Scotland

In late April 2015, the River Dee Trust informed Marine Scotland Science, Fish Health Inspectorate (FHI), that there had been observations of dead and moribund European eels on the River Dee. Later in May, the Spey Fishery Board also reported a number of moribund European eels in a rotary screw smolt trap on the River Spey. In total, 10 cases involving moribund eels were investigated in 2015 and one case in 2016. In addition, a health screen was conducted to investigate the potential presence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in healthy eels and Atlantic salmon from the River Dee in 2015. Externally, the diseased eels demonstrated white patches in different locations of the body. In all cases, F. psychrophilum was detected by bacterial isolation and/or molecular methods. Three isolates were further characterized by whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) as belonging to sequence type 15 (ST15). Histological examination of diseased European eels revealed lesions at the level of the integument. The pathogen screen for F. psychrophilum in wild healthy fish tested negative by PCR. Further investigation is required to understand the pathogenicity of this bacterium on the health of eels and the potential impact on the wild salmonid population.     

长江口降海洄游鳗鲡的年龄结构与生长特征

日本鳗鲡是亚洲具有重要经济价值的降海洄游鱼类,长江口是我国鳗苗的主产区和仅存的成鳗渔业水域。研究分析了2008年9-11月采自江苏靖江段(31°30′N,120°42′E)的153尾银色鳗样本的年龄和生长参数。结果显示,长江口降海洄游的鳗鲡群体雌性由3～7(平均5.52)龄组成,雄性由3～5(平均4.38)龄组成,雌性群体的年龄结构高且多于雄性群体。雌雄鳗鲡的最大年增长均出现在4龄,但雌性个体的生长拐点年龄ti=5.20、拐点体长lr=683.05mm、拐点体重Wr=546.37g、平均渐近体长L∞=1011.03mm和体重W∞=1830.16g,均显著大于雄性个体的生长拐点年龄ti=4.91、拐点体长lr=517.15mm,拐点体重Wr=216.15g、平均渐近体长L∞=750.30mm和体重W∞=715.90g。研究还表明,长江口降海洄游鳗鲡的群体平均年龄比我国其他地区和日本的均要低,但平均渐近体长却明显要大于其他分布地,预示着长江更适合于鳗鲡的生长和性腺成熟。     

中国和日本鳗鱼出池价格协整关系分析

运用协整分析方法对中国大陆、台湾地区和日本4 P和5 P规格鳗鱼出池价的平稳性、协整关系、因果关系和误差修正模型进行了检验和研究.结果显示,所有变量的一阶差分都是平稳变量,变量之间存在长期的协整关系.在短期,中国大陆和台湾地区的鳗鱼生产相比日本而言,在受到某些短期因素影响时受到的冲击更大.中国福建和广东的鳗鱼出池价变化会影响到日本和台湾地区的鳗鱼出池价,中国大陆的鳗鱼生产优势明显.     

5种中草药和9种抗生素对养殖鳗鲡主要致病菌的抑制作用

[目的]探讨5种中草药和9种抗生素对养殖鳗鲡主要致病菌的抑制作用及最低抑菌浓度。[方法]采用琼脂稀释法测定了5种中草药(五倍子、石榴皮、大黄、虎杖、黄芩)和9种抗生素类药物(盐酸林可霉素、硫酸庆大霉素、硫酸阿米卡星、硫酸链霉素、青霉素钠、阿莫西林、诺氟沙星、土霉素、磺胺甲噁唑)对12株养殖鳗鲡致病菌的体外抑菌效果。[结果]5种中草药对12株主要致病菌均有较好的抑菌作用,平均最低抑菌浓度(MIC)范围为0.063～6.000 mg/ml。9种抗生素类药物中有3种抗生素对12株致病菌有较好的抑制效果,分别是硫酸庆大霉素、硫酸阿米卡星和诺氟沙星,其MIC≤10 mg/L。12株致病菌对硫酸庆大霉素敏感(MIC≤8 mg/L)的有10株,占83.3%;对硫酸阿米卡星敏感(MIC≤8 mg/L)的有4株,占33.3%;对诺氟沙星敏感(MIC≤8 mg/L)的有7株,占58.3%。[结论]五倍子、石榴皮、大黄、虎杖、黄芩5种中草药以及硫酸庆大霉素、硫酸阿米卡星、诺氟沙星3种抗生素类药物对12株养殖鳗鲡致病菌有较好的抑制效果。     

Reducing the mortality of freshwater turtles in commercial fish traps

• 1. Mortality of air‐breathing vertebrates has been recognized for some time as a significant risk in Australian inland fisheries. There has often been conflict between the desires of fishers to maximize catches of their target species and the implementation of effective methods to reduce nontarget bycatch.
• 2. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of modifications to fish traps designed to prevent the capture of freshwater turtles (Emydura macquarii) and to facilitate their release. The first study evaluated the use of 100 mm exclusion rings to prevent turtles entering eel traps. The second study assessed two configurations of a carp trap designed to release the accidental catch of turtles.
• 3. Eel traps fitted with 100 mm exclusion rings significantly reduced the turtle bycatch, with no significant difference being observed between mean size of eels captured in traps fitted with exclusion rings and traps without rings.
• 4. The trials on the modified carp trap confirmed that they effectively retained carp and released a majority (77%) of turtles over a 4 h period. Turtles retained in the carp traps were significantly longer than those that found their way out of the trap.
• 5. This study demonstrates the different approaches that can be taken to achieve a reduction in non‐target bycatch associated with traps, and illustrates the importance of exploiting both the physical and behavioural differences of the target and non‐target species in order to develop appropriate gear designs that effectively restrict the entry, or facilitate the release, of bycatch species.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of Anguillicola crassus on European eels

The impact of the parasitic swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus Kuwahara, Niimi & Itagaki, on European eel populations is assessed with reference to published research on its origin and rapid dissemination, life cycle and transmission dynamics, and its pathogenic effect. The parasite was originally endemic to East Asia, but has transferred from its native host, the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, to the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.) and American eel, Anguilla rostrata (Le Seur). Anguillicola crassus is a very successful colonizer and is now known to occur in four continents (Asia, Europe, Africa and America). The nematode can severely impair swimbladder function and has caused mortalities in both farmed and wild populations in the presence of other stressors. Anguillicola crassus may impair the capacity of European eels to complete the spawning migration, although direct evidence is not available to support this hypothesis. Areas for future research are recommended.