1971—2016年河南省夏玉米生长季极端干旱时空特征

选用地表湿润指数，利用1971—2016年气象数据对河南省夏季极端干旱发生的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明：近46 a来，河南省夏季极端干旱发生频数在年均0.08～2.15月之间，总体上呈现微弱的下降趋势。6月和9月极端干旱发生次数高于7月和8月。1970s发生频数最多，2000s最少，2010s呈现回升的趋势。6月和9月极端干旱发生站次百分比明显高于7月和8月，且6、7月和9月的发生站次百分比在2010s也呈现回升趋势。各年代平均发生频数均以豫南地区最高，近46 a来极端干旱总次数呈现由南向北逐渐递减的分布特征，但6月份发生总次数高值区则主要分布在豫中和豫西地区。全省范围内极端干旱发生存在明显的4~8 a周期变化，2010s极端干旱发生频数和站次百分比均呈回升趋势，应引起夏玉米生产上的关注和重视。     

Application of imidacloprid controlled-release granules to enhance the utilization rate and control wheat aphid on winter wheat

During winter wheat production, aphids need to be controlled with pesticides for the entire growth period. Controlled-release technology has been regarded as an alternative method for the improvement of pesticide efficiency. This study investigated two types of imidacloprid controlled-release granule (CR-GR): 2% imidacloprid CR-GR and 0.2% imidacloprid pesticide-fertilizer controlled-release granule (PF-CR-GR) when wheat was sown in winter. The release performance, utilization rate, terminal residues in edible parts, control effect on aphids, and achieved winter wheat yield were evaluated for both laboratory experiments and field application. Imidacloprid PF-CR-GR released more quickly in aqueous medium than CR-GR because of its good water solubility. After CR-GR treatments, the concentrations in wheat roots and soil were similar throughout the entire sampling period, and the concentrations in shoots were about 10–20% of those in roots. Imidacloprid was better absorbed when CR-GR was used as root treatment, compared with foliar treatment. Field application showed that imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR controlled aphids throughout the entire growth period of winter wheat and improved the wheat yield. These findings identified application of imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR on winter wheat as an effective way to enhance the pesticide utilization rate and ensure adequate yield. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the scientific use of pesticides and guides scientific pesticide application.     

Drought Tolerance and Water Use of Cereal Crops: A Focus on Sorghum as a Food Security Crop in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) faces twin challenges of water stress and food insecurity – challenges that are already pressing and are projected to grow. Sub‐Saharan Africa comprises 43 % arid and semi‐arid area, which is projected to increase due to climate change. Small‐scale, rainfed agriculture is the main livelihood source in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA. Because rainfed agriculture constitutes more than 95 % of agricultural land use, water scarcity is a major limitation to production. Crop production, specifically staple cereal crop production, will have to adapt to water scarcity and improved water productivity (output per water input) to meet food requirements. We propose inclusion and promotion of drought‐tolerant cereal crops in arid and semi‐arid agro‐ecological zones of SSA where water scarcity is a major limitation to cereal production. Sorghum uniquely fits production in such regions, due to high and stable water‐use efficiency, drought and heat tolerance, high germplasm variability, comparative nutritional value and existing food value chain in SSA. However, sorghum is socio‐economically and geographically underutilized in parts of SSA. Sorghum inclusion and/or promotion in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA, especially among subsistence farmers, will improve water productivity and food security.     

常利率通货膨胀下有扰动的双复合Poisson-Geometric过程的两险种风险模型

考虑常利率及通货膨胀下有扰动的双复合Poisson-Geometric过程的两险种风险模型,运用鞅方法得到破产概率满足的Lundberg不等式和一般公式,当保费和索赔服从指数分布和混合指数分布时,得到破产概率的精确表达式。     

湘西不同植被类型土壤重金属分布及相关性研究

【目的】探讨湘西地区不同植被下土壤环境的状况,揭示土壤富集重金属元素的规律。【方法】以湖南湘西地区针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和灌木林4种森林土壤不同层次(0~15 cm和15~30 cm)的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,采用单因素分析法和主成分分析法分析重金属分布及相关性。【结果】不同植被下土壤中5种重金属含量的变异系数为0.18%~0.69%,由大到小的排列顺序为Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cd。主成分分析表明Cu和Cd在PC1中有较大的荷载值,在PC2中有中等的荷载值。各因素相关性分析结果显示,灌木林土壤容重与Zn之间存在显著的负相关性,针叶林土壤容重与Cu之间存在显著的正相关性;灌木林土壤有机质与Cd之间有显著的正相关性,针叶林土壤pH值与Ni和Zn之间有显著的正相关性;针阔混交林土壤pH值与Pb、Cu和Ni之间存在显著的正相关性,灌木林土壤重金属含量之间的相关性较显著。【结论】湘西地区不同植被类型土壤重金属含量的垂直分布规律存在差异,表现为针阔混交林的上层土壤中重金属含量均低于下层土壤,常绿阔叶林的上层土壤中重金属含量均高于下层土壤,而针叶林和灌木林土壤中重金属含量无差异性变化;湘西地区土壤容重、有机质、坡度、pH值、土层厚度对Cd含量的影响较大,海拔对Pb、Ni和Cu的影响较大,坡度对Ni的影响较大;湘西地区灌木林中重金属来源相同的可能性相较于其他3种植被类型更大。     

Asterosaponins: Structures,Taxonomic Distribution,Biogenesis and Biological Activities

Asterosaponins are a class of steroid oligoglycosides isolated from starfish with characteristic structures and diverse biological activities. In this review, we have attempted to combine the most important data concerning asterosaponins and give a list of these secondary metabolites with their structural peculiarities. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief but as complete as possible principal information about their chemical structures, taxonomic distribution in the marine environment, distribution in different geographical areas and depths, some properties, biological activities, and functions. Some other rare steroid metabolites from starfish, closely related in structures and probably biogenesis to asterosaponins, are also discussed.     

脉冲式烟雾水雾机热力雾化水剂农药效果分析

针对脉冲式烟雾水雾机在喷施水雾剂农药时常出现滴液、流液或较大雾滴群等雾化不良现象，通过改装6HYW-60S型脉冲式烟雾水雾机，将药液流量设置成可调的测试装置，设定5个油门开度及4个药液流量，测试了脉冲发动机喷药前后的气流速度、温度及各喷药工况下的雾滴粒径分布。结果表明，在最小的油门启动开度到最大的油门工作开度可调范围内，对应的脉冲发动机燃油消耗率变化范围较小（相对变化13.0%），喷管内对应的气流温度与速度也发生同等程度的变化。喷药时，喷管口处的气流温度与速度发生明显变化，由不喷药时约700℃的高温气流下降为75℃左右的雾滴流，相应的气流速度下降了16%左右；油门开度及药液流量对雾滴流温度的影响非常小，但对雾滴流速度的影响非常明显，油门开度增大，雾滴流速度明显增加，药液流量增大，雾滴流速度明显下降。在各油门开度下，对最小药液流量20L/h的雾化效果均不佳，尤其距喷雾出口较近处存在大量的300μm以上的较大雾滴，这些大雾滴极易跌落至地面，无法有效喷施到目标物上；药液流量增大至40L/h及以上时，各油门开度下的雾滴体积中径均较小，同一工况下各位置点的平均值不超过60μm。热力雾化的雾滴粒径分布曲线不是单一峰值的正态分布形态，常会出现不同中心雾滴粒径的雾滴群，且这些雾滴群的中心雾滴粒径基本保持一致。从喷雾出口喷出的雾滴流中，喷管中心轴线上的雾滴细小均匀、雾化充分，中心轴线上方的雾滴一般比中心点处稍大，中心轴线下方雾滴明显增大，且距中心轴线越远的下方，雾滴增大越明显，即雾滴流中较大雾滴群的量逐渐增加。以药液流量60L/h及油门开度90°为最佳雾化工况，在整个喷施区域内均形成了良好的雾化效果。     

Effects of AG1 and AG2 QTLs on Nonstructural Carbohydrate and Seed Management Options for Rice Seedling Growth and Establishment under Flooding Stress

Rice (Oryza sativa) plants acquired excess photosynthates in the form of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in their stems and grain. Despite keen interest in rice NSC, the dynamics of NSC accumulation, translocation and re-accumulation have not yet been well investigated. AG1 and AG2 QTLs associated with flooding tolerance through catalyzing starch into soluble sugar in germinating seeds. Here we conducted three experiments, greenhouse and field to lay the groundwork for large-scale diversity studies on grain NSC and some agronomic traits under direct-seeded rice (DSR) system, using elite lines incorporating AG1, AG2 and AG1-AG2 QTLs into the popular varieties PSB Rc82 and Ciherang-Sub1 along with the donors Kho Hlan On (AG1) and Ma-Zhan Red (AG2). In germinating seedlings, soluble sugars increased, while starch concentration decreased gradually especially in the tolerant checks and AG1-AG2 introgression lines under flooded soil. Soluble sugar accumulation in stem started to increase from the vegetative stage and peaked at the panicle initiation stage then gradually decreased towards the maturity stage. But Sub1-AG lines had higher sugar and starch concentrations at different growth stages than other genotypes in wet season 2016 and dry season 2017. Plant survival rate was positively correlated with the stem NSC at the early vegetative stage (21 days after sowing), and stem NSC was positively associated with plant height at different growth stages. Among the tested seeding rate, the most suitable seeding rate, 4 g/m² with shallow burial depth (0.5 cm), resulted in better seedling establishment, relatively higher seedling vigor index and higher leaf area index under flooding in DSR system. Introgression of AG1-AG2 QTLs had no any negative impact on nonstructural carbohydrate, germination rate, and growth and biomass production.     

常州市钟楼区耕地产能空间分布与影响因素分析

耕地产能评价对于耕地资源保护及质量提升具有重要的现实意义。通过构建耕地产能评价体系，运用空间自相关及主成分回归分析法对常州市钟楼区的耕地产能进行空间分布及影响因素分析。结果表明：基于气候、自然因素和技术水平综合指标的耕地产能评价体系具有适用性和可操作性；钟楼区耕地产能等别分为6等和7等，其中6等地占比达到97.55%，等别空间分布呈现出城区内部街道低、外围地区较高的格局；耕地产能整体空间集聚性显著，各街道（乡镇）均表现出较强的空间正相关性，正相关类型（HH型和LL型）多呈现组团式，负相关类型（LH型和HL型）则分布零散；耕地自然质量和技术水平是影响钟楼区耕地产能空间分布的主要驱动因素，其中，耕作层厚度、有机质含量、障碍层距地表深度和土壤养分元素为主导因素，pH值、灌溉保证程度和排水条件为次要因素。因此，应从增强耕地自然质量、提高耕地技术水平等方面制定提高耕地产能的针对性措施。