The cytochrome P450 system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): II. Variations in hepatic catalytic activities and isozyme patterns during an annual reproductive cycle

A group of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was followed through their first year of maturation and spawning. At monthly intervals, starting with juvenile fish in December, 5–7 fish of each sex were killed, and liver and plasma were sampled. The last sampling point was of spawning fish in November a year later. Variables in the cytochrome P450 (P450) system were studied in hepatic microsomes, and estradiol 17 was measured in the plasma of females to assess the maturational status. The P450 1A1-mediated 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) started at high levels in winter, but decreased to non-detectable activities in pre-spawning females. Decreases, but not to the same extent, were also observed during this period in total cytochrome P450, cytochrome b₅, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, and in the content of two immunochemically determined P450 isozymes. At the same time, LSI levels increased in maturing females (starting in July), and GSI levels increased in both sexes (starting in May). Sex specific differences were observed in pre-spawning fish in September and October, with levels of total P450, b₅, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, EROD and P450 isozymes significantly lower in females. At the same time, plasma estradiol-17 levels reached peak values in females. The results point to the important role of sex steroids such as estradiol-17 as major factors in the regulation of final sexual maturation. However, this study also indicates that there may be estradiol-17 independent events of equal importance in the early stages of gonadal maturation that may involve the P450 system. The changes observed in the P450 system (as a major drug and steroid metabolizing system) of Atlantic salmon during sexual maturation may be of importance both in the endogenous transduction of hormonal signals, and as a pharmacological basis for designing therapeutic treatment of diseases in the aquaculture industry.Parts of this work were presented at the 5th International Symposium on Responses of Marine Organisms to Pollutants, April 1989 in Plymouth, United Kingdom (Larsen and Goks\/oyr 1989).     

Circulating levels and in vitro production of two maturation-inducing hormones in teleost: 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 17α,20β,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, in a daily spawning wrasse, Pseudolabrus japonicus

The female bambooleaf wrasse, Pseudolabrus japonicus, spawns daily during the spawning season, and exhibits a diurnal rhythm of ovarian development. In the present study, we have investigated: (1) circulating levels of 17a, 20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen- 17,20-P) and 17,20,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) in females sampled at different times of the day during spawning season in captivity, and (2) in vitro production of 17,20-P and 20-S by follicle-enclosed oocytes at seven different develo tal stages. In addition, we developed a microtiter plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 17,20-P. Serum levels of 17,20-P and 20-S showed similar diurnal changes; substantial increases in these levels occurred around the time of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). In vitro experiments showed that massive production of 17,20-P and 20-S occurred in follicles collected just before or during GVBD. Further, acute decreases in 17,20-P and 20-S production were found in the ovarian follicles just prior to ovulation, suggesting inactivation of the maturation-inducing hormone (MIH). These results, taken together with our previous data on the occurrence of GVBD in vitro, suggest a role for both 17,20-P and 20b-S as MIHs in the bambooleaf wrasse.     

铁皮石斛枫斗加工前后差异成分比较

铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo)的传统功效为益胃生津、滋阴清热,在降血糖方面具有较好的作用。前期研究发现,与铁皮石斛鲜条相比,枫斗的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率更高,且枫斗中化学成分种类丰富。为明确铁皮石斛枫斗与鲜条的差异性成分,阐明铁皮石斛加工成枫斗的科学内涵,本研究利用超高效液相色谱-四级杆串联飞行时间质谱仪(UPLC-QTOF-MS)在正离子模式下采集二者的代谢物信息,通过主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析等算法挖掘差异性化合物,并利用质谱碎片、数据库比对等方式鉴定差异性成分,最后采用聚类分析方法研究差异性成分在铁皮石斛枫斗和鲜条中的含量变化规律。经过筛选和鉴定共得到16种差异性化合物,其中柚皮素、4,4'-二羟基-3,5-二甲基联苄、诺比林A、石斛酚等12种黄酮、联苄类化合物在枫斗中含量较高,而α-亚麻酸、L-苯丙氨酸、草质素等4种脂肪酸、氨基酸类化合物在鲜条中含量较高,这些差异性成分可能是潜在的铁皮石斛枫斗降血糖功能成分。本研究结果为阐明铁皮石斛枫斗降血糖物质基础提供了数据支撑,对进一步促进铁皮石斛精深加工具有重要意义。     

基于线粒体基因cyt b和COI的莺科部分鸟类系统发育

雀形目(Passeriformes)莺科(Sylviidae)鸟类广泛分布于旧大陆,该科许多种类的系统发育关系一直存在争议.本研究采用分子系统学方法,对莺科11属37种鸟类的cyt b全基因序列和COI部分基因序列进行系统发育分析,构建TML和Bayesian系统发育树.结果显示,柳莺属(Phylloscopus)并非单系发生,(鹟)莺属(Seicercus)可能是其同类或其属下的一个类群;在柳莺属内,乌嘴柳莺(P.magnirostris)与极北柳莺(P. borealis)亲缘关系较近;黄腰柳莺(P.proregulus)、云南柳莺(P.yunnanensis)、橙斑翅柳莺(P. pulcher)及灰喉柳莺(P. maculipennis)亲缘关系较近;黄腹柳莺(P.occisinensis)、巨嘴柳莺(P.schwarzi)、棕眉柳莺(P. armandii)、叽喳柳莺(P. collybita)及褐柳莺(P.fuscatus)亲缘关系较近;树莺属(Cettia)并非单系发生,与拟鹅莺属(Abroscopus)和地莺属(Tesia)聚在一起;大苇莺属(Acrocephalus)为单性系;此外,林莺属(Sylvia)与绣眼鸟属(Zosterops)的亲缘关系、以及鹪莺属(Prinia)、缝叶莺属(Orthotomus)及扇尾莺属(Cisticola)三者间的亲缘关系也被支持.     

两种免疫增强制剂对早期断乳仔猪红细胞免疫功能的影响

选取28日龄断奶的三元[杜×(大×长)]杂交仔猪15头,平均初始体重为(5.22±0.89)kg,随机分为3组:活性卵白组、活性酵母组和对照组,每组5头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,两个处理组在相同的基础日粮中分别口服卵白制剂及酵母制剂,剂量为10 mL/只,连续服用10 d。应用红细胞C3b受体花环(Erythrocyte C3bR,E-C3bR)试验和红细胞免疫复合物花环(ErythrocyteICR,E-ICR)试验,探讨两种免疫增强制剂在服药不同时间对断乳仔猪红细胞免疫功能的影响。结果显示,活性卵白组和活性酵母组的E-C3bRR和E-ICRR在服药后第1周、第2周都极显著的高于对照组(P<0.01),并于第2周达最高值。服药后第3周活性卵白组的E-C3bRR和E-ICRR均维持在较高水平,与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);而活性酵母组呈现明显下降趋势,与对照组无明显差异。结果表明,活性卵白组较活性酵母组具有更加持续稳定的红细胞免疫促进功能。     

茶多酚(TP)对家禽免疫功能的研究

选用14日龄健康的海佩科内用仔鸡48羽,随机分成试验(24羽)和对照(24羽)两组.试验组在饲粮中添加0.25％的茶多酚(TP),研究TP对鸡免疫功能的作用.试验结果表明,TP对自然感染法氏囊病鸡,有明显提高(p<0.05)鸡血液中红细胞C_(3b)受体和免疫复合物的含量及保护鸡脾脏正常的免疫功能,同时也发现TP对公母鸡法氏囊的重量有不同影响.本试验表明,TP具有提高家禽免疫功能的作用.     

基于K_means硬聚类算法的葡萄病害彩色图像分割方法

为了提高植物病害图像的分割精度与效果,根据植物病害症状及图像的特点,提出了一种基于K_means硬聚类算法（HCM）的葡萄病害彩色图像非监督性分割处理方法。该方法是在L*a*b*颜色空间模式下利用ab二维数据空间的颜色差异,以平方欧式距离作为像素间的相似度距离、以均方差作为聚类准则函数对颜色进行二分类聚类,并通过数学形态学运算对聚类结果进行校正。利用该方法对3种葡萄病害彩色图像进行分割的结果表明,该方法能够较为准确地将病斑区域从彩色图像中分割出来,对葡萄病害彩色图像的分割处理比较理想,鲁棒性好,分割准确率     

Follicular dynamics during the pre-ovulatory and subsequent first follicular wave stages affect the pregnancy outcome in Japanese Black cows

The diameters of the pre-ovulatory follicles (PF) and the largest follicle during the subsequent first follicular wave (W1LF), and plasma estradiol-17β (E₂) concentrations were monitored on Days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 (ovulation = Day 1). Pregnancy was diagnosed on Day 30. Cows were classified into two groups according to the location of the dominant follicle ipsilateral (IG) or contralateral (CG) to the corpus luteum on Day 7. From Days 3 to 7, some follicles that had been determined as the subordinate in the previous examination exceeded the W1LF located in the opposite ovary in terms of the diameter. These were defined as switching (SW), whereas others were defined as non-switching (NSW). The diameter of PF was significantly smaller in pregnant (P) animals than in non-pregnant (NP) animals. The plasma E₂ concentration on Day 0 was significantly higher in P animals than in NP animals and tended to be higher in NSW than in SW. In addition, plasma E₂ concentrations around Days 3 to 7 tended to be higher in P animals of NSW than in NP animals of SW. The conception rates did not differ between IG and CG but were significantly higher in NSW than in SW. In the IG group, the conception rate tended to be higher in NSW than in SW.     

Effects of dietary supplementation with β‐glucan and synbiotics on growth,haemolymph chemistry,and intestinal microbiota and morphology in the Pacific white shrimp

The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with β‐glucan and microencapsulated probiotics (Bacillus subtilis or Pediococcus acidilactici) on growth performance, body composition, haemolymph constituents, and intestinal morphology and microbiota of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Four treatment diets [basal diet (C), β‐glucan‐containing diet (β‐glu), β‐glucan plus B. subtilis‐containing diet (β‐glu+Bs), and β‐glucan plus P. acidilactici‐containing diet (β‐glu+Pa)] were fed to L. vannamei for 90 days. Shrimp fed the β‐glu and β‐glu+Pa diets exhibited similar growth performance and body protein content, which were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the control diet (P < 0.05). No significant differences in haemolymph triglyceride, cholesterol, protein, haemolymph urea nitrogen or chloride were detected among the experimental diets. However, dietary β‐glucan alone increased the haemolymph glucose level and osmolarity (P < 0.05). Synbiotic supplementation had greater effects on intestinal microbiota and morphology than dietary β‐glucan alone. For example, β‐glu+Bs increased the number of intestinal lactic acid bacteria and decreased the number of Vibrio spp. (P < 0.05), and β‐glu+Pa increased the height of intestinal villi.     

60Co-γ射线对9种庭院月季扦插苗的辐射效应研究

为探讨⁶⁰Co-γ射线对不同庭院月季品种扦插苗的辐射诱变效应,以粉扇、金凤凰、梅朗口红、紫袍玉带、安吉拉、粉色达芬奇、你的眼睛、香槟和九重香9个庭院月季品种的扦插苗为研究对象,⁶⁰Co-γ射线为辐照源,设置不同剂量(0、25、45、60、80 Gy)进行辐射处理,测定了死亡率、萌芽率、变异率和主要的形态指标。结果表明,随着辐射剂量增加,月季扦插苗平均死亡率逐渐增加,从33.61%(0 Gy)上升至79.71%(80 Gy);植株生长受到显著抑制,植株变异率呈先升高后降低的趋势,辐射剂量为45 Gy时,植株变异率达到最高,占总体变异率(4.20‰)的64.70%。此外,不同品种月季对⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射的敏感性不同,半致死辐射剂量也存在差异,其有效值介于26~55 Gy之间。综合⁶⁰Co-γ射线对月季扦插苗死亡率、生长势和变异率的影响,推荐庭院月季扦插苗的最适辐射剂量为45 Gy,这为月季辐射育种提供了理论基础。