Uptake and use efficiency of N, P, K, Ca and Al by Al-sensitive and Al-tolerant cultivars of wheat under a wide range of soil Al concentrations

The impacts of acidic soils and Al toxicity on wheat nutrient economy have been scarcely researched under field conditions even though these soils are widely spread in wheat production areas around the world. The main objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the element (N, P, K, Ca and Al) economy of an Al-sensitive and an Al-tolerant wheat cultivar growing under different soil Al concentrations at field conditions. To reach this objective, two field experiments were conducted in an Andisol in Valdivia (39°47′18″S, 73°14′05″W), Chile. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of: (i) two spring wheat cultivars (Al-sensitive, Domo.INIA and Al-tolerant, Dalcahue.INIA) and (ii) five exchangeable Al levels (0-2.7 cmol₍₊₎ kg⁻¹) with three replicates. At harvest, plant biomass was sampled and divided into 5 organ categories: ears, grains, blade leaves, stems plus sheath leaves and roots. The element content (N, P, K, Ca and Al) in each organ was measured to quantify element uptake and concentration, nutrient uptake efficiency (UPE) and nutrient utilization efficiency (UTE). Element uptake (N, P, K, Ca, and Al) was negatively affected by the increased soil Al concentration in above-ground and root biomass in both cultivars (R² = 0.61-0.98, p < 0.01), although clear differences were found between cultivars. On the contrary, the impact of soil exchangeable Al on the plant element concentration was minor, showing weak associations with soil Al levels. However, the Al concentration in above-ground tissues of the Al-sensitive cultivar was an exception because it increased exponentially with the Al soil concentration (R² = 0.96-0.99, p < 0.001). Nutrient uptake efficiencies, UPEs (N, P, K and Ca), were negatively affected by soil Al concentrations and were well described by linear equations in both cultivars (R² = 0.58-0.98, p < 0.05), with notable differences between them. Both nutrient uptake (capture) and UPE were the traits that best explained above-ground biomass production (R² = 0.82-0.99, p < 0.001, n = 20). Nutrient utilization efficiency, UTEs (N, P, K and Ca) responded more conservatively to the soil Al concentration, except for the Al sensitive cultivar under very high soil Al levels.     

基于矩阵奇异值分解约束型无迹粒子滤波的滑坡位移预测模型研究

[目的]通过对滑坡位移预测模型进行研究,为政府部门实施更加可靠的灾害防治决策提供科学依据。[方法]提出了一种矩阵奇异值分解(SVD)约束型无迹粒子滤波(IUPF)方法,建立基于位移参数的滑坡位移预报模型。[结果]利用改进的SVD方法有效提升了无迹粒子滤波方法中Sigma点计算的鲁棒性,从而提升了算法的预测精度,对滑坡的稳定趋势能够做出更准确的预报。将该算法在镇江市跑马山滑坡体监测工程、京港澳高速公路雨花互通南侧护坡体滑坡监测工程相关数据进行了应用和分析验证。[结论]实例验证结果表明,加入SVD约束后的无迹粒子滤波算法,能够使得滑坡位移预测更加准确,预测的数据更加准确地反映了滑坡的变形趋势。     

内蒙古阴山北麓缓坡丘陵坡耕地的农业自然生产潜力及其限制因子分析

内蒙古阴山北麓后山地区处在中国北方农牧交错区。这一地区自然条件恶劣,水土流失、风蚀沙化严重,生态环境极其脆弱,急需治理。本区地形以缓坡丘陵为主,坡耕地占很大比重,因此加强坡耕地的治理显得十分必要。根据研究区的自然条件及生产特征,建立了光、温、水和土壤条件对丘陵坡耕地的农业自然生产潜力的分析模型和综合模型,表明制约阴山北麓缓坡丘陵坡耕地农业自然生产潜力的主要限制因子是风蚀引起的土壤肥力的变化,其次是地势造成的土壤水分的不同,再次是光、热、水配制结构不平衡。通过农业自然生产潜力的分析,得出丘陵顶部的农业自然生产潜力最低,其次是北坡,最高是南坡,因此,要加大对坡顶和北坡的综合治理力度。     

含约束支链的冗余驱动并联机构动力学性能优化

全驱动并联机构可以通过增加约束支链或关节实现机构驱动冗余。为了研究约束支链与关节对冗余驱动并联机构动力学性能的优化问题，分析对比了冗余驱动并联机构6P-US+UPU与非冗余驱动并联机构6P-US机构的动力学特性，研究了约束支链对冗余驱动并联机构动力学性能的优化机理。基于虚功原理建立了6P-US机构和6P-US+UPU机构的动力学模型，提出具有明确物理意义的冗余驱动并联机构动力学性能指标，分析了约束分支对机构动力学性能的影响，并结合数值算例对两种机构动力学性能进行了对比分析。结果显示，支链约束提高了机构动力学性能，而支链质量会降低机构动力学性能。     

Rates of piscivory predict pharyngeal jaw morphology in a piscivorous lineage of cichlid fishes

The pharyngeal jaw apparatus is a key innovation hypothesised to increase foraging efficiency and facilitate utilisation of novel resources among teleost fishes. Here, we tested whether dietary characteristics could predict pharyngeal jaw morphology among eight species of Neotropical Crenicichla. Additionally, we tested the hypothesis that pharyngeal jaws may impose a functional constraint on piscivory via pharyngeal gape. We quantified the shape of the lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ) using linear and geometric morphometrics and quantified diet using the relative volumetric proportions of prey items. We used principal component analysis to describe major axes of variation in LPJ shape and dietary patterns. The major axis of dietary variation significantly predicted LPJ morphology, which was driven by a significant relationship between LPJ shape and rates of piscivory. We also found that rates of piscivory predicted size‐corrected LPJ depth. Size‐corrected pharyngeal gape also significantly predicted rates of piscivory such that pharyngeal jaws may constrain piscivory by limiting pharyngeal gape. Strong form‐to‐function linkage between pharyngeal morphology and trophic patterns suggests an adaptive quality of the pharyngeal apparatus but may also impose functional constraints when consumers must switch prey or when prey availability is temporally or spatially unpredictable.     

基于意象转译的家具设计策略

针对目前家具设计迭代迅速、内涵不足的现状,结合符号学和约束理论相关知识,提出基于意象转译的家具设计策略:1)通过目标人群、使用场景、用户行为、同类竞品分析,明确设计目标,选择合适的意象来源,确定意象;2)运用因子分析法对意象进行发散,完成造型、肌理、色彩的演绎,运用多维约束法,从风格、材质、空间等多个维度对意象进行约束;3)对演绎进行整合、重组,以意象约束进行筛选,得到方案草图,经过确定、细化等步骤得到最终方案。设计实例验证表明:采用该策略进行家具设计可行。     

镇雄县林业产业发展现状与对策

分析镇雄县特色经济林、非木材产品、工业原料林以及木材和林产品加工业等林业产业发展现状,认为当前产业主体以种植业为主,资源配置方式多为政府主导,行业集中度不高,经营粗放.在论述生物资源丰富,自然条件良好,人力资源充裕等发展林产业优势条件及山高坡陡,商品林发展受到制约,民众对森林资源低价值消耗大等劣势的基础上,提出了降低森林资源消耗,大力发展森林生态旅游业等对策建议.     

矩阵多项式乘积秩的恒等式的进一步研究

以实例说明了已有文献关于t个矩阵多项式乘积秩的恒等式当t≥3时未必成立,但t=2时是正确的,并重新给出了证明.     

条件极值问题的初等解法及案例分析

多元函数的条件极值是高等数学中的一个重要内容，在实际中有着广泛的应用．一般教材上介绍的主要方法是拉格朗日乘数法，但拉格朗日乘数法计算量往往很大．针对目前高职学生数学基础差的特点，在教学中我们还可以选择解决条件极值问题的一些简单的、利于学生理解接受的解法，结合工程、经济等方面的例子介绍了三种特殊的条件极值问题的初等解法：...     

双馈感应风电机功率平滑控制与改善电网频率的研究

在分析双馈感应风力发电机运行特性和传统最大风能追踪控制策略的基础上，提出了一种基于约束因子限幅控制的双馈电机有功功率平滑控制策略，给出了约束因子α的表达式和取值规则在matlab/simulink仿真平台上，搭建了一个9 MW的风电场与2台同步电机的互联系统实验结果表明，与传统的最大风能追踪控制策略相比，所提控制策略能平滑双馈电机的有功功率输出，明显减小同步发电机的转速波动，改善了电网的频率