Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) interaction with fish farms in the Gulf of Ambracia,western Greece

1. Marine aquaculture, and its fast-growing development, has the potential for wider environmental, ecosystem, and biodiversity impacts. This study assesses the impact of fish farming on a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) population within the Gulf of Ambracia (western Greece) between 2007 and 2018. Two different study areas were defined in order to investigate differences on occurrence, abundance, behaviour, and seasonal fluctuations between them: a ‘control area’, in the north-western side of the Gulf; and a ‘fish farm area’, in the south west, where the highest density of fish farm cages is found.
2. A total of 169 daily surveys were dedicated to the control area and 74 days were dedicated to the fish farm area, yielding 104 and 37 sightings, respectively. Both the probability of detecting dolphins (U = 6,763.000, P = 0.002) and the group sizes (U = 578.000, P < 0.001) were smaller around fish farms.
3. Seasonality analyses were restricted to 2007–2008, as this was the period with year-round effort. Results revealed that dolphins were more frequently seen around fish farms in the winter (Kruskal–Wallis test, P = 0.036).
4. From the 40 identified individuals that were re-sighted at least 10 times during the study period, 21 used the fish farm area less than expected according to sampling effort, and 10 of them were never observed in that area (binomial test, P < 0.05).
5. The results revealed an impact of fish farms on the distribution of bottlenose dolphins in the Gulf of Ambracia. This information should be taken into consideration when defining ecosystem-based management measures within the management plan, which is currently in preparation for this Natura 2000 site.

     

Using social media as a cost‐effective resource in the photo‐identification of a coastal bottlenose dolphin community

1. Bottlenose dolphins encountered around the Irish coast are considered part of a wide‐ranging coastal community; however, knowledge on the significance of the north of Ireland for this species is limited by a lack of dedicated effort.
2. Through social media, the opportunity now exists to gather large volumes of citizen science data in the form of high‐quality images, potentially extending the spatial and temporal scope of photo‐identification studies.
3. The purpose of this study was to investigate social media as a data resource for photo‐identification studies and to provide a preliminary assessment of bottlenose dolphins in the north of Ireland. Specifically, the study sought to examine the photo‐identification data for spatial clustering.
4. The study identified 54 well‐marked individuals and provided evidence of potential year‐round occurrence, with successful re‐sightings throughout the study period (2007–2016). There was a geographic concentration of re‐sightings along the north of Ireland, suggestive of interannual site fidelity. These results provide scientific rationale for strategically targeting the north of Ireland in future research on the Irish coastal community.
5. For effective conservation of the bottlenose dolphin it is imperative that scientific research, and resultant management objectives, consider wide‐ranging communities such as the Irish coastal community. Our research highlights data collection via social media as a cost‐effective and scientifically valuable tool in the photo‐identification of coastal cetaceans. We recommend that this method is used in research on low‐density and wide‐ranging coastal cetaceans.

     

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the north-western Adriatic Sea: Spatial distribution and effects of trawling

1. Many species and populations of odontocetes have modified their behaviour to take advantage of feeding opportunities provided by fishing activities, with depredation of fishing gear being the most common type of adaptation.
2. The northern Adriatic Sea has been identified as an important marine mammal area because of a regular occurrence of common bottlenose dolphins. Boat surveys were conducted within a 3,000 km² sector of the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Veneto, Italy, between April and October 2018–2019. Based on 76 days at sea, 10,711 km of navigation, and 81 h 26 min of dolphin tracking, this study contributes novel quantitative information on dolphin spatial distribution, and on their occurrence in the wake of beam trawlers, otter trawlers, and midwater pair trawlers.
3. A combined generalized additive model and generalized estimation equation framework indicated that trawling—along with other physiographic, biological and anthropogenic variables—influenced dolphin distribution. In days of trawling, the chance of encountering dolphins increased by ~4.5 times (95% confidence interval 1.8–11.0) near active beam trawlers, by ~16.0 times (7.1–36.0) near otter trawlers, and by ~28.9 times (12.0–69.6) near midwater pair trawlers.
4. Spatial modelling was used to create maps of predicted distribution, suggesting differences in habitat use between trawling and no-trawling days. Spatial modelling for all days identified a dolphin distribution hotspot of 832 km², situated off the Po river delta.
5. Evidence contributed by this study can be used to inform management action within one of the world's areas most heavily impacted by fishing and other human encroachment. Such management action would help enforce the European Union's Habitats Directive and Marine Strategy Framework Directive, while also informing EU's Maritime Spatial Planning.

     

Space–time patterns of co‐variation of biodiversity and primary production in phytoplankton guilds of coastal marine environments

• 1. The relevance of biodiversity to ecosystem processes is a major topic in ecology. Here, we analyse the relationship between biodiversity and productivity of the nano‐ and micro‐phytoplankton guilds in coastal marine ecosystems.
• 2. The patterns of variation of species richness, diversity and primary productivity (as ¹⁴C assimilation) were studied in two marine areas: a eutrophic–mesotrophic area beside the River Po delta (northern Adriatic) and an oligotrophic area around the Salento peninsula (southern Adriatic–Ionian). The study was carried out at 23 sites in the northern area and at 45 sites in the southern area. Sites were arranged on expected spatial and temporal gradients of primary productivity variation, according to distance from the coast, optical depths and seasonal period.
• 3. 167 taxa were identified in the northern area and 153 taxa in the southern area. In both areas, the taxonomic composition of the nano‐ and micro‐phytoplankton guilds exhibited greater temporal than spatial variation. The latter was much higher in the southern area than in the northern area (average dissimilarity between stations being 70.7±0.8% and 44.7±4.2% respectively).
• 4. Primary productivity varied in space and time on the gradients considered. Phytoplankton species richness and diversity exhibited significant patterns of variation in space and time; overall, these were inversely related to the primary productivity patterns in the northern area, whereas they were directly related in the southern area.
• 5. The small individual size and the high turnover rate of phytoplankton are likely to underlie the observed relationships, which emphasized a threshold response to nutrient enrichment in agreement with the ‘paradox of enrichment’. Under resource enrichment conditions, the high turnover of producers leads to hierarchical partitioning of the available resources with an increasing dominance of a few species. Therefore, the relationship observed here seems likely to be explained by the complementarity hypothesis.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

木霉对滨海盐渍土花生生长发育调控效应的研究

滨海盐渍土的良法栽培对作物打破盐碱地立苗难的瓶颈至关重要,利用木霉制剂处理盐碱地的研究为其改善盐渍土、提高作物耐盐碱性提供理论依据和技术支持。木霉制剂处理土壤后,出苗齐壮,出苗率、成苗率高,植株长势好,株高和有效分枝数增加;开花期延迟,开花下针期集中、时间缩短,双果数、总果数提高;一级、二级、三级侧根数增加,根瘤菌着生早,根瘤数量增加,体积增大,有效根瘤增加;籽仁蛋白质和人体必需八种氨基酸含量提高,百果重、百仁重提高,产量大幅提高。木霉制剂处理盐碱土可降低盐碱对花生生长的危害,促进生长发育,提高产量和品质,促进农业可持续发展。     

施氮量和密度对盐碱滩涂水稻产量和品质的影响

为明确施氮量和密度互作对盐碱滩涂水稻产量和品质形成特征的影响,以淮稻5号为试验材料, 设置6个施氮量处理:N0(0 kg·hm^-2)、N210(210 kg·hm^-2)、N255(255 kg·hm^-2)、N300(300 kg·hm^-2)、N345(345 kg·hm^-2)、N390(390 kg·hm^-2),2个移栽密度处理:D1(33.4 万穴·hm^-2,12 cm×25 cm)、D2(27.8 万穴·hm^-2,12 cm×30 cm),测定了水稻产量及品质形成的相关因素。结果表明,随施氮量增加,单位面积穗数和每穗粒数呈先上升后下降的趋势,以N300处理最高;结实率和千粒重呈下降趋势。不同密度间比较,高密度处理的穗数和千粒重高于低密度处理,每穗粒数和结实率呈相反趋势。施氮量与移栽密度组合中,以N300D1处理的产量最高,达7 978.83 kg·hm^-2。施氮量的增加提高了稻米的加工品质与营养品质,同时降低了外观品质与蒸煮食味品质。移栽密度的增加提高了稻米的营养品质,但降低了加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质。综合分析认为,施氮量300 kg·hm^-2和移栽密度33.4万穴·hm^-2, 是盐碱滩涂水稻获得高产优质的栽培措施。本研究结果为盐碱滩涂水稻的高产优质栽培提供了理论依据。     

海巴戟良种‘万维1号’

‘万维1号’是从美国夏威夷大岛引种,采用选择育种方法经选株、选果、选种、选苗、实生苗繁殖测定和区域化试验选育而成,具有早产、高产、稳产、优质、抗递性强等特性。适于在海南岛的南部和西部、永兴岛等偏热带地区尤其是海岸线盐碱地区营建果园兼海防林,生产果实供食品加工。     

山东省沿海地区大豆生产变化特征及其发展趋势研究

对山东沿海地区6市29县1975~2010年的大豆品种、总产量和栽培面积进行调查和分析。结果表明,期间该地区大豆单产增加显著,栽培面积和总产量经历了先降低后增加再降低三个发展阶段,年际间的变幅大且整体表现出下降趋势。通过栽培品种统计发现,大豆大产量(总产量≥104t)栽培品种虽然数量较少,但其占总产量之比大,对推动山东省大豆产业发展以及丰富我国大豆种质资源具有重要的作用与意义。     

苏北沿海地区啤酒大麦施肥技术

苏北沿海地区具有啤酒大麦生长得天独厚的自然条件,其是全国优质啤酒大麦主产区之一。通过对啤酒大麦科学施肥原则的阐述,提出了当地优质啤酒大麦科学施肥的方法和技术要点。     

上海海岸防护林树种选择综合 评价体系的构建和应用

采用层次分析法（AHP）建立上海海岸防护林树种选择综合评价体系,涵盖生长适应性、生态功能、景观 效应和经济价值4 个准则层和生长势等19 个评价因子。对上海海岸防护林29 个树种的评价结果表明,苦楝（Melia azedarach）、青桐（Firmiana simplex）、栾树（Koelreuteria paniculata）、金丝垂柳（Salix伊aureo-pendula）、乌桕（Sapium sebiferum）、黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、中山杉（Ascendens mucronatum）、喜树（Camptotheca acuminata）、墨西哥落羽杉 （Taxodium mucronatum）、雪松（Cedrus deodara）、枫香（Liquidambar formosara）、南酸枣（Choerosponias axillaris）等12 个 树种为该区适宜的防护林造林树种。