Beaver dams,streamflow complexity,and the distribution of a rare minnow,Lepidomeda copei

Freshwater fishes are threatened globally, and often too little is known about threatened species to effectively guide their conservation. Habitat complexity is linked to fish species diversity and persistence, and degraded streams often lack habitat complexity. Beaver Castor spp., in turn, have been used to restore streams and increase habitat complexity. The northern leatherside chub Lepidomeda copei is a rare, small‐bodied, drift‐feeding minnow that has anecdotally been observed to use complex habitats associated with beaver dams in the western United States. To investigate this anecdote, we conducted fish and habitat surveys, the latter focusing on quantifying habitat complexity, in a sub‐basin of the Upper Snake River Basin in the USA. Complementary generalised linear model and path analyses revealed that northern leatherside chub occurred more often at sites with complex streamflows, and streamflows were more complex when beaver dams were present and pools were deeper. Northern leatherside chubs were also more likely to occur when temperatures were warmer, aquatic macrophytes were abundant and stream channels were narrow and deep. The linkage between chubs, complex streamflows and beaver dams needs to be evaluated more broadly to completely understand its role in the rangewide status of the species. However, it does suggests that increased use of beaver reintroductions and dam analogues for stream restoration could be a boon for the northern leatherside chub, but such efforts should be monitored to determine their effectiveness to help adapt beaver‐based restoration approaches to best benefit the species.     

基于级联卷积神经网络的番茄花期识别检测方法

对作物花期状态的准确识别是温室作物执行授粉的前提。为提高花期状态识别的准确度，该研究以温室番茄为例提出了一种基于级联卷积神经网络的番茄花朵花期识别方法。首先采用改进的端到端的特征金字塔网络FS-FPN实现番茄花束的分割，然后采用Prim最小生成树对分割后的花束图片进行花期识别优先级排序，最后将已排序的分割花束图片输入改进的Yolov3网络，实现番茄花朵花期状态的精准识别。在由1600幅包含花蕾期、全开期、谢花期、初果期4类花期状态的番茄花束图像构成的数据集上，所提方法对番茄花朵花期平均检测时间为12.54 ms，平均检测精度分别比Mask R-CNN和SPP-Net提高了3.67%和2.39%，识别错误率比改进前的Yolov3网络降低了1.25%。最终将该方法部署到番茄授粉机器人上，并在大型玻璃温室内进行验证，结果表明，所提方法对番茄花朵各花期的检测精度分别为花蕾期85.71%、全开期95.46%、谢花期62.66%、初果期88.34%，该研究结果可为智能授粉机器人的精准作业提供重要依据。     

峰谷电价下的梯级水电站短期优化

依据发电企业既要服从电网调度又要追求自身效益的特点，建立了两个考虑峰谷分时电价因子的梯级短期调度模型，并选用逐次优化和逐步逼近的混合算法(POA－DPSA)求解。该模型简单，算法易于实现。将该理论应用于电站实际演算中，结果表明这两个优化模型对促进电网的安全、提高企业发电效益具有较高的应用价值。     

锦屏拱坝基础变形模量多目标非线

基础变形模量对坝体的安全运行和受力有着十分重要的意义，特别是高拱坝，需要良好的基础变形模量，但是在一定的荷载运行工况下，并不是意味着基础变形模量越高坝体应力、稳定、变形状况就越好。基于上述观点，利用多目标非线性规划方法对锦屏拱坝最优基础变形模量进行了研究，给出了拱坝在最优基础变形模量条件下坝体应力、稳定、变形及基础处理费用等特征值。研究表明：经过基础变形模量的优化，能有效改善坝体应力、位移、稳定等多项指标。     

梯级水电站补偿效益分摊方法研究

为了真实地体现梯级水电站的补偿效益，从分析影响梯级水电站补偿效益分摊的主要因素入手，提出了几种单因子分摊方法、综合分析法以及模糊综合评判法，建立了分摊数学模型，以汉江支流岚河梯级补偿效益分摊为例，将不同方法计算结果进行对比，提出了不同条件下梯级水电站补偿效益的合理分摊方法。     

Dispersal and tributary immigration by juvenile coho salmon contribute to spatial expansion during colonisation

Anadromous fishes are frequently restricted by artificial barriers to movement such as dams and culverts, so measuring dispersal helps identify sites where improved connectivity could promote range expansion and population viability. We used a combination of DNA‐based parentage analysis and mark–recapture techniques to evaluate dispersal by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in a population in the initial stages of colonisation following installation of fish passage structures at a previously impassable dam on the Cedar River, WA, USA. The spatial distribution of individuals within maternal families revealed that dispersal was common. Among the offspring of radio‐tagged mothers, 28% were collected outside the spawning reach and dispersed up to 6.3 km (median = 1.5 km). Most juveniles captured in a tributary (Rock Creek, where few adults spawned) had immigrated from the Cedar River and represented many different families. Juvenile dispersal therefore provided a secondary phase of spatial expansion following initial colonisation by adults. Consistent with the condition‐dependent dispersal hypothesis, juveniles that dispersed farther upstream in the tributary were larger than fish collected near the tributary mouth. Overall, the results demonstrated widespread dispersal in a system with low coho salmon densities, and this might increase the rate of population growth if it reduces the effects of local density dependence. By implication, juveniles can take advantage of rearing habitats reconnected through barrier removal, even when such areas are located several kilometres from adult breeding grounds.     

Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead

Petrosky CE, Schaller HA. Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 520–536. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Improved understanding of the relative influence of ocean and freshwater factors on survival of at‐risk anadromous fish populations is critical to success of conservation and recovery efforts. Abundance and smolt to adult survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead decreased dramatically coincident with construction of hydropower dams in the 1970s. However, separating the influence of ocean and freshwater conditions is difficult because of possible confounding factors. We used long time‐series of smolt to adult survival rates for Chinook salmon and steelhead to estimate first year ocean survival rates. We constructed multiple regression models that explained the survival rate patterns using environmental indices for ocean conditions and in‐river conditions experienced during seaward migration. Survival rates during the smolt to adult and first year ocean life stages for both species were associated with both ocean and river conditions. Best‐fit, simplest models indicate that lower survival rates for Chinook salmon are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity during the smolt migration or multiple passages through powerhouses at dams. Similarly, lower survival rates for steelhead are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity and warmer river temperatures. Given projections for warming ocean conditions, a precautionary management approach should focus on improving in‐river migration conditions by increasing water velocity, relying on increased spill, or other actions that reduce delay of smolts through the river corridor during their seaward migration.     

A spatial linkage between dams and non-native fish species in Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract –  The native and non-native freshwater fish species richness as well as the proportion of native fish species to overall fish species were examined to test a hypothesis of a spatial linkage between the distributions of dams and non-native fishes based on survey data collected in rivers and streams in Hokkaido, Japan. Non-native fish species have steadily increased in Hokkaido since the mid 1970s, as indicated by the decreasing proportion of native fish species per fish survey. Non-native species richness was significantly higher in areas above dams (i.e., reservoirs and their inlet streams) compared to areas without dams. As a result, the proportion of native fish species was lower above dams. This proportion was lower in developed and agricultural areas compared with forest areas, although both native and non-native species richness were higher in areas with development and agriculture. Non-native cyprinids, catfish and snakehead occurred primarily in a particular river basin with the largest drainage area, the longest history of reclamation and highest human population in the island. Non-native salmonids on the other hand, occurred in forest areas at higher elevations and their occurrence was associated with the existence of dams. There was a spatial linkage between the distribution of dams and non-native species, although it was applicable only to salmonids. The management of dams and reservoirs needs a strategy to prevent further expansion of exotic salmonids such as rainbow and brown trout. These species can be a significant threat to native Japanese salmonids as a result of various biological mechanisms.     

昆虫生长调节剂对东亚飞蝗表皮和脑神经分泌细胞的影响(Ⅱ)

通过光学显微镜及电子显微镜观察，综合分析了昆虫生长调节剂卡死克对东亚飞蝗表皮与脑的显微及亚显微形态结构的影响。结果表明，处理后的若虫表皮由于真皮细胞结构被破坏导致内表皮变薄、板层结构消失，而且真皮细胞层与内表皮层分离，细胞质内小泡变大而分布不均，核染色质凝结成为小颗粒且分布不匀。脑神经分泌细胞受药物影响数量明显减少，结构松散，胞间空泡变大，引起轴突变形。经透射电子显微镜检查发现，脑神经分泌细胞的轴突与胞体分离并膨大变形。线粒体结构发生改变，膜与内嵴消失。另外，轴浆运输中的神经分泌颗粒明显减少。