Erosion and covered zones altered by surface coverage effects on soil nitrogen and carbon loss from an agricultural slope under laboratory-simulated rainfall events

Soil erosion, one of the most serious environmental concerns, might remove topsoil and essential element from terrestrial land. However, few attentions have been given to investigating how soil erosion regimes affect soil carbon and nitrogen loss. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of surface coverage rates (83%, 67%, 50%, 33%, 17% and 0%) and two positions (up- and downslope) on erosion regimes and its associated soil nitrogen and carbon loss under a sequence of six rainfalls (R1-R6). These results showed that the sediment concentrations with 33% (R4) and 17% (R5) coverage downslope were significantly lower than those with coverage upslope, whereas there was no significant difference between the runoff rates of the two slopes. Thus, surface coverage at different positions induced two soil erosion regimes (deposition- and transport-dominated processes). Dynamics of the DON and DIN concentrations indicated different release processes of soil nitrogen into runoff. The DON contributed to a substantial amount of soil nitrogen loss, which accounted approximately 81% of the organic form. The SBOC is significantly correlated with sediment-enriched clay particles from the deposition-dominated processes and is higher than that from the transport-dominated processes. The DOC is significantly correlated with Rr for transport-dominated processes. These results illustrated the critical role of erosion regimes in soil organic carbon loss in dissolved or sediment-bound form. It is concluded that erosion/covered zones altered by surface coverage could produce transport- and deposition-dominated erosion regimes and consequently affect soil carbon and nitrogen loss. In addition, these results demonstrated that surface coverage pattern may efficiently control soil erosion and soil carbon and nitrogen loss.     

精准扶贫视角下企业与贫困户双赢的商业模式创新研究

以六家涉农企业为例，运用扎根理论编码方法，提炼出精准扶贫导向的商业模式构成要素。基于探索性的多案例研究，结果发现：有效参与精准扶贫，需要企业设计出精准扶贫导向的商业模式，这一方面需要政府的引导及政策支持，另一方面需要企业进行商业模式创新，以实现企业与贫困户双赢。而企业与贫困户双赢的商业模式创新，首先，需要企业提出一个新的价值主张；其次，从本地能力、价值网络、关键资源能力、利益联结机制、盈利模式五大要素开展价值支撑措施；最后，为确保价值支撑不受侵蚀及价值主张能够实现，还要做好风险防范与应对的价值保持工作。     

基于局部附网法的南极磷虾拖网网身大网目选择性

了解南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)拖网网身大网目的选择性，对于提升应用渔业数据进行磷虾资源评估的准确性具有实际意义。为此，作者在FAO 48.1亚区执行项目调查期间，利用小网目(2a=5 mm)附网绑缚在“龙腾轮”所用拖网的第一段网身(400 mm网目，无内衬网)后端和第二段网身(200 mm网目，内衬网16 mm)前端，收集穿过网目的磷虾。根据附网内取样磷虾的体长分布，结合网囊内取样磷虾的体长分布等数据，选用logistic曲线方程，分析磷虾拖网大网目的选择性。结果表明：（1）“龙腾”轮拖网的磷虾逃逸主要发生在第一段网身大网目处，装配内衬网(2a=16 mm)的第二段网身近乎无逃逸发生。（2）磷虾接触网身第一段大网目的概率(Pc)范围为5.85~69.52%，平均为(23.17±14.80)%。昼夜间接触概率相似，统计学上无显著差异(P>0.05)。50%选择体长(L50)为25.05~47.74 (32.68±4.92) mm；L50在白天(30.06±2.23) mm显著(P<0.05)低于夜间(35.81±5.48) mm。选择范围(SR)为2.07~19.08 (7.65±4.02) mm；SR在白天(7.11±4.41) mm略低于夜间(8.30±3.53) mm，但是在统计学上无显著差异(P>0.05)。本研究结果弥补了拖网整体选择性中网身部位选择性研究的空白，并考虑了昼夜间磷虾选择性的差异，可为科学评估磷虾资源量和开发生态友好型磷虾拖网提供科学依据。