广东1个鲮原种群体的种质特征及遗传多样性分析

收集西江流域肇庆段的野生鲮鱼苗进行跟踪观察,记录其生长情况,测量形态参数,结果表明,该批鲮原种存在体色及生长性能等方面的分化一种体色淡黄,命名为子群体h,一种体色青,命名为子群体q;子群体h的生长性能优于子群体q。从2个子群体中各取24个个体进行RAPD分析。20条随机引物扩增共获得了179条清晰稳定的条带,其中多态性条带为82条。用popgen软件进行RAPD数据处理,结果是总群体的平均杂和度为0.1281,遗传距离为0.1232;子群体h的平均杂和度为0.1248,遗传距离为0.1151;子群体q的平均杂和度为0.1164,遗传距离为0.1010;2个子群体间的遗传距离值为0.1383。这个结果表明,该原种群体遗传多样性较高。     

哑铃湾网箱养殖对底层水环境的影响研究

采用现场调查的方法,于2002年4月—2003年1月对哑铃湾2个不同养殖年限的网箱养殖区、对照海区和网箱周围海区底层水化学进行了四季采样和结果分析。哑铃湾网箱养殖使底层海水中TO C、SS、有机污染物和溶解态氮磷营养盐都有不同程度的增加,春、夏、秋3季D O有不同程度的下降,SS、C O D M n、N H4 、D IN、D IP的增加相对更显著,而对pH值、盐度、水温和冬季D O的影响较小;在水质状况上,D O、B O D5受影响最大,其次是D IP;养殖期较长的网箱区底层海水在春、秋2季已达到富营养化水平。短期网箱养殖对底层海水的水质影响较小,长期养殖影响较明显。A N O V A分析结果显示养殖期较短的网箱邻近海区底层海水营养盐含量与对照点无明显的差异,网箱养殖对底层海水的影响范围主要局限于网箱下。养殖过程中应提高饵料的利用率、采取轮养或休养等措施,以利于海水网箱养殖业的可持续发展。     

Juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) mortality and the importance of bottom sediment type to recruitment on Georges Bank

The demersal settlement of pelagic juvenile fish has been considered a critical period in which the final adjustment is made to the size of a year class. Distribution patterns of pelagic and recently settled juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) were examined from nine surveys on Georges Bank during the summer over 5 years, 1984–1989, to relate juvenile survival to the sedimentary environment. Pelagic juveniles were widespread across Georges Bank in June, and by mid‐July they occurred on all bottom types from sand to gravel on eastern Georges Bank. However, by late July‐early August they were mostly abundant on the northeastern edge gravel deposit, which with its complex relief, provides abundant prey and refuge from predators. A bank‐wide estimate of pelagic juvenile abundance in 1986 and 1987 was used to assess mortality of the recently settled juveniles and to evaluate the relative importance of survivors from the northeastern edge gravel area to recruitment of the Georges Bank population. Settlement mortality rates over 1–2 months on the northeastern gravel area ranged from 3 to 8% day^?1, which compared reasonably with other studies. The seasonal abundance of the pelagic juveniles was almost an order of magnitude higher in 1987 than 1986; however, recruitment at age 1 was similar, indicating that a high mortality of the demersal juveniles occurred in 1987. The limited northeastern gravel area on Georges Bank may represent a survival bottleneck depending on the variability in the distribution and abundance of juvenile cod settlement in relation to that of their predators.     

用IGF—ⅠmRNA表达量评价鲮饲料配方效果的研究

试验以秘鲁鱼粉为饲料蛋白源,研究4种蛋白水平（21．5％、32．2％、42．5％和51．6％）的饲料对鲮（Cirrhinus molitorella）生长、消化酶活性及类胰岛素生长因子（IGF—Ⅰ）mRNA表达水平的影响。经过8周的养殖试验,不同饲料蛋白水平下,蛋白酶活性与特定生长率（SGR）成极显著的正相关性（P〈0．01）;鲮肝组织中IGF—ⅠmRNA的表达量与特定生长率成极显著正相关性（P〈0．01）;鲮肝组织IGF—ⅠmRNA的表达量与蛋白酶活性也成极显著正相关性（P〈0．01）。结果表明,用鲮肝组织IGF—ⅠmRNA的表达量可以快速鉴定饲料的质量。     

应用浮游植物群落结构及富营养化指数评价南太湖底泥疏浚效果

应用浮游植物群落结构变化及富营养化指数来评价南太湖底泥疏浚工程对减轻太湖营养盐内负荷、控制湖泊富营养化的效果。研究结果表明：疏浚后水体中的浮游植物种类有所增加,浮游植物密度、生物量及蓝藻所占比例均有不同程度的降低,浮游植物群落结构发生变化;疏浚后水体的生物多样性指数发生变化,Shannon-Weaver指数升高,卡尔森营养状态指数降低,表明南太湖富营养化现状有所改善,从而揭示底泥疏浚工程对于减轻南太湖营养盐内负荷、控制湖泊富营养化具有积极作用。     

Characterization of Aquimarina hainanensis isolated from diseased mud crab Scylla serrata larvae in a hatchery

Mass mortality due to necrosis signs occurred in hatchery-reared zoea stage larvae of the mud crab Scylla serrata in Okinawa, Japan, and a causative bacterium was isolated. In this study, we identified and characterized the bacterium by genome analysis, biochemical properties and pathogenicity. The bacterium was a Gram-negative, non-motile, long rod, forming yellow colonies on a marine agar plate. It grew at 20–33°C (not at 37°C) and degraded chitin and gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence identified the bacterium as Aquimarina hainanensis. Genome sequence data obtained from Illumina MiSeq generated 29 contigs with 3.56 Mbp in total length and a G + C content of 32.5%. The predicted 16 chitinase genes, as putative virulence factors, had certain homologies with those of genus Aquimarina. Experimental infection with the bacterium conducted on larvae of four crustacean species, brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, freshwater shrimp Caridina multidentata, swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus and mud crab S. serrata, revealed that this bacterium was highly virulent to these species. The present study suggests that the bacterium caused mass mortality in mud crab seed production was A. hainanensis and can be widely pathogenic to crustaceans.     

Evaluation of limb autotomy as a promising strategy to improve production performances of mud crab (Scylla olivacea) in the soft‐shell farming system

Soft‐shell crab, a newly moulted crab having non‐calcified and hydrated soft exoskeleton, farming has been increasing tremendously in recent years throughout the world due to its high market price and consumer preferences. However, high aggressiveness and cannibalistic behaviour of mud crab limit its culture to an individual chamber system which ultimately makes the soft‐shell mud crab farming space and labour‐intensive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the efficiency of soft‐shell crab production by autotomy of the claw and/or walking legs to reduce the moulting duration and intensify the culture system through double stocking in the existing individual chamber culture system. To achieve our objectives, a series of experiment were conducted at both indoor and on‐farm levels by removing the claw and/or walking legs of Scylla olivacea for two consecutive moulting cycles. Results showed that both claw ablation significantly (p < .01) shortened the moulting duration and increased the carapace width, weight gain, specific growth rate, feeding efficiency and yield parameter compared to the non‐ablated crabs more prominently at 1st moulting than the 2nd moulting in both indoor and on‐farm trials. Ablation of all walking legs while keeping the claw intact did not significantly influence (p > .05) the moulting duration and carapace width, but significantly (p < .01) improved the specific growth rate, weight gain, feeding efficiency and yield parameters at 1st moulting compared to the non‐ablation and unilateral three walking leg ablation groups. However, ablation of all appendages (both claw and walking legs) showed significant (p < .01) improvements of carapace width, weight gain, specific growth rate, feeding efficiency and yield parameters, and shortened the moulting duration up to 23 days from 34 days during 1st moulting and up to 27 days from 40 days at 2nd moulting. The survivals of different autotomized mud crabs were statistically non‐significant (p > .05) to the non‐autotomized crabs in various indoor and on‐farm trials. Besides improving the production performances, ablation of bilateral claw and all appendages allowed to double the stocking density in the existing individual chamber‐based soft‐shell crab farming that enhanced the production about threefold higher than the existing individual chamber‐based culture system. Finally, our results suggest that autotomy could be a promising technology for the commercial farming of soft‐shell mud crab in near future.     

三峡库区万州段投饵网箱养鱼对底泥水化因子的影响

2005年6月至2006年4月对长江三峡库区投饵网箱养殖区上游、网箱养殖区以及网箱养殖区下游底泥中有机物耗氧量、TN、NO3-N、TP、硫化物等指标进行了监测。结果显示,网箱养殖区及网箱下游底泥有机物耗氧量和总磷含量分别高出对照区5.4～6.5 mg/g和0.03～0.08 g/kg,网箱养殖区及网箱下游底泥总氮含量及硝态氮含量分别高出对照区40～80 mg/kg和0.8～1.2 mg/kg,网箱养殖区及网箱下游底层水的硫化物含量平均值分别高出对照区1.3 mg/L和0.11 mg/L。     

Effect of organic matter concentration on agricultural limestone dissolution in laboratory soil–water systems

Laboratory soil – water systems in which soil organic matter was increased by 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% by adding dry, chopped ryegrass (Lolium perenne) shoots to sandy soil containing 0.06% organic matter. Agricultural limestone was added to the systems, and pH, alkalinity and hardness of the water were monitored for 65 days. The pH, alkalinity and hardness increased with greater soil organic matter concentration. Amounts of carbon dioxide released by microbial respiration increased at the higher soil organic matter concentrations, and this resulted in more rapid and greater solubility of agricultural limestone. The results suggest that greater soil organic matter concentrations in ponds favour the rate and extent of agricultural limestone dissolution.     

Quality assessment of newly hatched mud crab,Scylla serrata,larvae

Starvation and exposure to formalin were investigated as possible stress tests for evaluating the quality of mud crab, Scylla serrata, larvae. For the starvation stress test, newly hatched zoeae stocked in 150‐ml containers were either starved or fed rotifers. Similarly, newly hatched zoeae were stocked in containers with seawater of 0 (control), 20, 30 and 40 mg/L formalin for the formalin stress test. The zoeae from the same batches were used for seed production to monitor their performance and validate the results of stress tests. Starvation was found to be unsuitable for larval quality evaluation. However, the impact of initial food deprivation on the newly hatched larvae indicates that feeding immediately after hatching is necessary for mud crab larvae. Exposure of larvae to 40 mg/L formalin for 3 hr appeared to be a reliable and practical method for larval quality assessment as the survival of larvae in the mass production tanks validated the classification of good and poor quality batches in the stress tests. On this basis, a hatchery operator can decide which batch should be cultured further. Finally, there appears to be a link between the quality of larvae and the performance at the megalopa and early juvenile crabs.