黄土高原小流域土壤有机碳空间变异性研究

Soil organic carbon (SOC) has great impacts on global warming, land degradation and food security. Classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC and related factors, such as topography, soil type and land use, in the Liudaogou watershed on the Loess Plateau of North China. SOC concentrations followed a log-normal distribution with an arithmetic and geometric means of 23.4 and 21.3 g kg^-1, respectively, were moderately variable (CV = 75.9%), and demonstrated a moderate spatial dependence according to the nugget ratio (34.7%). The experimental variogram of SOC was best-fitted by a spherical model, after the spatial outliers had been detected and subsequently eliminated. Lower SOC concentrations were associated with higher elevations. Warp soils and farmland had the highest SOC concentrations, while aeolian sand soil and shrublands had the lowest SOC values. The geostatistical characteristics of SOC for the different soil and land use types were different. These patterns were closely related to the spatial structure of topography, and soil and land use types.     

尼日利亚热带雨林地区的内陆山谷中土壤发育和肥力特征: 矿物成分和粒度分布

The particle-size distribution and mineralogical composition of the clay (< 2 μm) and fine-sand (0.25--0.10 mm) fractions in soils of two inland valleys in Abakaliki and Bende, Southeast Nigeria, were investigated to provide basic information on soil-forming processes and agricultural potentials. These soils were silty or clayey, deriving from Cretaceous or Tertiary shale materials. The particle-size distribution and its computation on a clay-free basis revealed relatively remarkable lithologic breaks in a couple of pedons. The effect of lithologic discontinuities on soil mineralogical composition was not, however, conspicuous. Petrographic investigation revealed that quartz predominantly comprised the fine-sand fraction in the soils at both study sites. Nevertheless, the clay mineralogical composition of the soils was a mixture of kaolinite, irregularly interstratified smectite-illite intergrades (S/I), hydroxyl-Al interlayered 2:1 type clays (HICs), vermiculite, smectite, halloysite and illite along with fine-sized quartz in Abakaliki. The soils of Bende predominantly contained smectite, which was partially interlayered with hydroxyl-Al and kaolinite. It is suggested that seasonal floodwater has slowed the disintegration of weatherable clay minerals inherited from the shale, while quartz originating from the sandstone is predominant in the fine-sand fraction. Additionally, a possible soil-forming process observed at the both study sites was ferrolysis, which was indicated by a clear decreasing pattern of HICs downward in the soil profiles. The entry of S/I and vertical distribution patterns for a couple of clay minerals in the pedon suggested that the soils in Abakaliki have developed under the significant influence of aeolian dust delivered by the harmattan. The findings might describe a site-specific deposition pattern of harmattan dusts as well as hydromorphic soil-forming processes in the wetlands of the inland valleys.     

Does accelerated soil organic matter decomposition in the presence of plants increase plant N availability?

Plant roots can increase microbial activity and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition via rhizosphere priming effects. It is virtually unknown how differences in the priming effect among plant species and soil type affect N mineralization and plant uptake. In a greenhouse experiment, we tested whether priming effects caused by Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) grown in three different soil types increased plant available N. We measured primed C as the difference in soil-derived CO₂-C fluxes between planted and non-planted treatments. We calculated “excess plant available N” as the difference in plant available N (estimated from changes in soil inorganic N and plant N pools at the start and end of the experiment) between planted and non-planted treatments. Gross N mineralization at day 105 was significantly greater in the presence of plants across all treatments, while microbial N measured at the same time was not affected by plant presence. Gross N mineralization was significantly positively correlated to the rate of priming. Species effects on plant available N were not consistent among soil types. Plant available N in one soil type increased in the P. fremontii treatment but not in the P. ponderosa treatment, whereas in the other two soils, the effects of the two plant species were reversed. There was no relationship between the cumulative amount of primed C and excess plant available N during the first 107 days of the experiment when inorganic N was still abundant in all planted soils. However, during the second half of the experiment (days 108-398) when soil inorganic N in the planted treatments was depleted by plant N uptake, the cumulative amount of primed C was significantly positively correlated to excess plant available N. Primed C explained 78% of the variability in plant available N for five of the six plant-soil combinations. Excess plant available N could not be predicted from cumulative amount of primed C in one species-soil type combination. Possibly, greater microbial N immobilization due to large inputs of rhizodeposits with low N concentration may have reduced plant available N or we may have underestimated plant available N in this treatment because of N loss through root exudation and death. We conclude that soil N availability cannot be determined by soil properties alone, but that is strongly influenced by root-soil interactions.     

安塞县侯沟门村新农村建设与水土保持措施配置研究

根据野外天然降雨定位监测试验、野外人工模拟降雨与放水冲刷试验、土壤侵蚀类型遥感监测资料及附近纸坊沟小流域泥沙监测资料等.对安塞侯沟门村不同小流域土壤侵蚀类型及其分布规律和水土保持措施配置进行系统研究,特别是对村庄、道路、裸露坡面硬地面产流产沙规律进行了研究.明确了水土保持综合治理思路和重点及存在的问题,为今后评价土壤侵蚀变化、水土保持规划和综合治理提供科学依据.     

鸽源Ⅰ型禽副黏病毒HN基因序列测定和分析

以分离自云南省的一株鸽源禽I型副黏病毒YN-P1株的基因组RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR的方法扩增出HN基因片段,然后将其克隆至T载体中。经PCR鉴定后,对阳性克隆进行核苷酸序列测定。测序后拼接得出HN基因的全序列。测序结果显示,YNP1毒株HN基因为1 716 nt。通过与参考毒株比较HN基因序列,发现所研究毒株YN-P1与TW95核苷酸序列同源性最高为88.3％;与ZJ1／Go氨基酸序列同源性最高为91.6％。     

黑河流域水化学空间分异特征分析

选取我国西北干旱区第 2大内陆河———黑河流域 ,对全流域地表水和地下水的水化学类型和水化学特征进行了系统分析。结果表明 ,黑河流域地表水中TDS (阴离子总量 )和主要离子含量沿流程均有不同程度的增加 ,但增幅不大。而地下水TDS从莺落峡出山后呈直线上升 ,下游TDS均大于 10 0 0mg/L ,主要离子含量增加明显 ,其变化特征与 TDS 基本一致 ;水化学成分和类型在空间上呈现出由上游向下游过渡变化的分带特征 :从上游山区、中游盆地到下游的尾闾盆地 ,河水的水化学特征依次为HCO3 -型、SO42 --HCO3 -型和Cl-型 ;山区和山前冲洪积扇中地下水为低矿化度的HCO3 -型水 ,中游盆地地下水矿化度升高 ,水化学类型为HCO3 -或HCO3 --SO42 -,下游盆地地下水矿化度进一步升高 ,水化学类型为Cl--SO42 -或Cl-;垂向变化上 ,由浅层到深层地下水矿化度降低 ,水化学类型变化不大 ,中游盆地主要为HCO3 -和HCO3 --SO42 -;下游盆地主要为Cl--SO42 -。     

扶芳藤种质资源及变异研究

通过对扶芳藤野生资源及主要栽培种 (品种 )进行调查和收集 ,对其形态特征、生育期、年生长节律、繁殖习性、攀附特性、叶形、叶序及叶色季节性变化、花序及种子形态变异特征进行对比观察和研究 ,得出扶芳藤在我国分布范围广、种质资源丰富、种内变异类型多 ,且生长期长、易繁殖和适应性强等特点 ;并根据其主要特征将扶芳藤种质资源初步划分为 1 9个类型 ,为进一步选种和遗传改良研究及开发利用奠定基础     

肌球蛋白重链基因与肉品质的关系

肌纤维是构成肌肉的基本单位,肌纤维的特性直接影响猪肉品质.猪的肌纤维根据肌球蛋白重链(MyHC)的多态性可分为1、2a、2b和2x 4种类型,在代谢上分别与慢速氧化型、快速氧化型、快速酵解型和中间类型相对应.肌纤维的生成在分子水平上受到肌细胞生成素基因的精确调控,肌纤维的类型在生长过程中不断发生转化,并受遗传、生长、性别和营养等多因素的影响.     

Bordetella bronchiseptica aroA mutant as a live vaccine vehicle for heterologous porcine circovirus type 2 major capsid protein expression

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections cause important respiratory diseases in the pig industry and are associated with many bacterial, mycoplasmal, and viral complications. In this study, a heterologous PCV2 major capsid protein (MCP) was expressed in the Bordetella bronchiseptica aroA mutant strain (BBS-MCP) and used as a live vaccine vehicle. Mice and pigs were immunized with live BBS-MCP via the intranasal route. The antibodies against MCP were induced successfully in the serum as determined by ELISA. In the PCV2 challenge experiment, viral DNA was removed successfully from the lymph nodes of pigs vaccinated with live BBS-MCP. Overall, BBS-MCP is believed to be a good candidate for the development of a live-attenuated vaccine against PCV2 infections.     

Analysis of the immunoproteome of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type reveals immunogenic homologues to other known virulence traits in related Mycoplasma species

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (MmmSC) has been eradicated in the developed world, but it is still present in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa. After initially successful control measures in the 1960s it has been spreading due to a lack of money, fragmentation of veterinary services, uncontrolled cattle movement, insufficient vaccine efficacy and sensitivity of current diagnostic tests.In this study we used two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblot with sera from MmmSC-infected animals and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry to identify novel immunogenic proteins as candidate molecules for improved diagnostics and vaccines. We identified 24 immunogens recognized by pooled sera from experimentally infected cattle. Furthermore, a serum from an animal with acute clinical disease as well as severe pathomorphological lesions recognized 13 additional immunogens indicating variation in the antibody responses to CBPP amongst cattle. Most immunogens showed compelling similarity to protein/gene sequences in the two ruminant pathogens M. capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony type both belonging to the mycoides cluster. Three of these proteins, namely glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, adenylosuccinate synthase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, had no compelling homologue in the other distantly related bovine pathogen M. agalactiae. In addition, translation elongation factor Tu, heat shock protein 70, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and FKBP-type peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, which have been found to mediate adhesion to host tissue in other mycoplasmas were shown to be expressed and recognized by sera. These proteins have potential for the development of improved diagnostic tests and possibly vaccines.