Seasonal changes in proteolytic enzymes of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata (Temminck & Schlegel; Carangidae) fed extruded diets containing different protein and energy levels

Seasonal variations in pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities and protein digestibility were studied in yellowtails (Seriola quinqueradiata) reared for 1 year with extruded diets containing different levels of protein. Trypsin and chymotrypsin storage levels in the digestive tissues of starved fish were affected by seasonal changes in water temperature. Actual digestion activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin were low at lower water temperatures, but pepsin activity in the stomach tissue was not affected by low temperatures. On the other hand, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the intestinal contents were higher during lower water temperature months, while pepsin activity in the stomach contents was low at lower water temperatures. Apparent protein digestibility (APD) did not differ among the dietary treatments in the higher water temperature months, while in colder months it was higher in fish fed diet 1 than in fish fed diets 2 and 3. The APD values reflected pepsin activity in the stomach contents in all sampling months. Therefore, lower APD in colder months seems to be attributed to lower protease activity in the gastric digesta, implying that enhanced pepsin secretion from the stomach tissue might improve protein digestibility and growth performance in yellowtails during winter.     

Dietary formic acid enhances apparent digestibility of minerals in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

The effect of dietary formic acid on the availability of phosphorus (P) from a fishmeal-based diet by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), reared in brackish water (5–6 g L⁻¹) was determined. Diets containing a low amount of P (6.0 mg P g⁻¹ dry matter) were acidified with 0, 4 and 10 mL kg⁻¹ formic acid and fed to trout (average weight, 520 g) for 4 weeks. The measured pH of the diets were 6.3, 5.8 and 5.3, respectively. The intestinal solubility of P and the digestibility of P were measured by stripping the faecal matter from the fish. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of P significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 69.5% to 75.0% of the basal diet in fish fed diets containing 10 mL kg⁻¹ formic acid. The solubility of P in the intestine was highly variable within each treatment, and the differences were not significant. The pH of intestinal content increased with the increase in dietary formic acid concentration. The ADC of magnesium and calcium also showed a significant ( P < 0.05) increase with the acidification of diet by formic acid.     

Growth and nutrient utilization of Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell) fingerlings fed diets with varying levels of soybean meal and blood meal

Abstract The Australian native freshwater fish Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii pellii (Mitchell), currently supports a fledgling inland aquaculture industry, which is thought to have considerable growth potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of two alternate protein sources [blood meal (BM) and defatted soybean meal (SBM)] as substitutes for fish meal at various levels of inclusion in diets for juvenile Murray cod. The growth performance of juvenile Murray cod in response to nine isonitrogenous and isocalorific diets (50% protein, 14% lipid, 20.2 kJ g^?1) consisting of a control diet in which protein was supplied from fish meal, and test diets in which the fish meal protein was substituted at levels of 8%, 16%, 24%, and 32% with BM or SBM was evaluated from a 70‐day growth experiment. The per cent apparent dry matter (% ADC_dm) and percentage protein digestibility (% ADC_p) of the test diets were also determined using Cr₂O₃ as a marker. Survival in all the SBM dietary treatments was high but that of fish on the BM dietary treatments was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than in all the other dietary treatments. Specific growth rate (% day^?1) of Murray cod fed SBM incorporated diets ranged from 1.63 ±  0.06 to 1.78 ±  0.10 and even at the highest level tested (32% of the dietary protein from SBM) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the fish fed the control diet (1.65 ±  0.09). Feed conversion ratios of the SBM dietary treatments ranged from 1.36 ±  0.08 to 1.45 ±  0.07. The protein efficiency ratios and protein conversion efficiencies of Murray cod in the soybean meal treatments were also good and for a majority of the SBM diets were better than those for the control diet. Per cent ADC_dm and ADC_p of the SBM diets tested ranged from 70.6 ±  1.46 to 72.3 ±  1.81% and 88.6 ±  0.57 to 90.3 ±  0.17%, respectively, and was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the control diet (% ADC_dm 74.3 ±  1.63; % ADC_p 91.3 ±  0.55). The reasons for significantly poor survival and growth of Murray cod reared on BM incorporated diets, and relatively poor digestibility of these diets are discussed. The study shows that for Murray cod diets in which fish meal protein is substituted up to 32% performance or carcass composition is not compromised.     

Evaluation of Cassia fistula meal as a replacement for soybean meal in practical diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

This study was undertaken to determine the replacement value of Cassia fistula seed meal (CFM) for soybean meal (SBM) in practical diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Five practical diets (350 g kg^?1 crude protein) containing 0 g kg^?1 (control), 170 g kg^?1 (diet II), 340 g kg^?1 (diet III), 509 g kg^?1 (diet IV) and 670 g kg^?1 (diet V) substitution levels of CFM for SBM were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of O. niloticus fingerlings (mean initial weight of 10.22 ± 0.03 g) for 70 days. Fish mortality increased linearly with increase in inclusion levels of CFM in the diet. Growth and diet utilization efficiency were depressed in fish fed diets containing CFM at varying inclusion levels. Feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of O. niloticus fed on diet containing 170 g kg^?1 substitution level of CFM were similar (P > 0.05) to the control diet. Digestibility of the different diets decreased with increase in inclusion levels of CFM. Fish fed diet containing 670 g kg^?1 CFM had significantly lower carcass protein. However, no significant differences were observed in carcass protein and lipid contents between fish fed the control diets and diet containing 170 g kg^?1 CFM. The most efficient diet in terms of cost per unit weight gain of fish was obtained in 170 g kg^?1 CFM dietary substitution.     

鱼粉质量对中国对虾、真鲷、饲料转化率和蛋白质消化率的影响

IntroductionInherent to the practice of intensive aquaculture is the generation of wastes having immediate and verybroad effects on the aquatic environment.There is a growing consensus about the need to reduce waste pro-duction in aquaculture to minimize the negative impacts on the environment.Nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) wastes are major concerns for many aquaculture operations.In the past,formulation of diets in intensive aquaculture was often aimed at meeting requirements formaximum growt…     

Replacement of fishmeal by canola protein concentrate in diets fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

A dephytinized protein concentrate prepared from canola seed (CPC) was assessed for nutrient digestibility and performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The apparent digestibility coefficients of CPC were: dry matter, 817 g kg^?1; crude protein, 899 g kg^?1; gross energy, 861 g kg^?1; arginine, 945 g kg^?1; lysine, 935 g kg^?1; methionine, 954 g kg^?1; threonine, 893 g kg^?1. A 9‐week performance trial assessed 7 diets. Fishmeal provided 940 g kg^?1 of the protein in the control diet. Test diets consisted of CPC or water‐washed CPC replacing 500 and 750 g kg^?1 of fishmeal protein; and CPC plus an attractant replacing 500 and 750 g kg^?1 of fishmeal protein. No significant differences in performance were observed (P > 0.05). A subsequent 9‐week performance trial evaluated the effect of adding CPC into compound diets containing fishmeal/soybean meal/corn gluten meal. Five diets were prepared: fishmeal provided 670 g kg^?1 of the protein in the control diet, in the remaining diets CPC was incorporated into commercial‐like trout diets at 100, 200 and 300 g kg^?1 replacement of fishmeal protein, the fifth diet included an attractant in the 300 g kg^?1 replacement diet. No significant differences in performance were obtained (P > 0.05). These studies show that dephytinized canola protein concentrate has potential to replace substantial levels of fishmeal in diets for carnivorous fish without compromising performance.     

饲料粉碎粒度和调质温度对肉鸡养分消化率及生长性能的影响

饲料制粒可以提高采食量和缩短采食时间,以提高肉鸡生长性能和饲料转化率.而原料的粉碎和调质是制粒过程中非常重要的环节,不仅直接影响到饲料的营养价值和肉鸡的消化吸收,还会影响加工成本和产品质量.粉碎粒度过大会导致混合不均匀、颗粒品质欠佳等不利影响,并且对动物的采食及采食后的物理性消化产生影响,粒度过小则会对动物健康产生不利影响.调质过程主要是使饲料受到水热作用,使其蛋白质变性、淀粉糊化等,调质温度是调质环节的关键参数,温度的高低对蛋白质变性及淀粉糊化程度有直接影响,从而间接影响到动物的生长性能和养分消化利用率.同时,调质温度过高会导致饲料中添加的酶制剂及维生素等严重失活,反而会降低饲料的营养价值.本文综述了肉鸡饲料粉碎粒度和调质温度的研究进展,阐述了粉碎粒度、调质温度与肉鸡生长性能和养分消化率的重要关系.     

饲粮添加不同复合酶制剂对育成期水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同复合酶制剂对育成期水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响。选用(60±3)日龄雄性水貂90只,随机分为9组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只水貂。对照组(A组)饲喂基础饲粮,B组、C组和D组分别在基础饲粮中添加390、890、1 390 mg/kg的复合酶制剂Ⅰ,E组、F组和G组分别在基础饲粮中添加330、830、1 330 mg/kg的复合酶制剂Ⅱ,H组和I组分别在基础饲粮中添加190、990 mg/kg的复合酶制剂Ⅲ。预试期13 d,正试期45 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,C组的末体重和平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05);各组的平均日采食量和料重比差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)B组、C组、E组和F组的干物质消化率和蛋白质消化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);各组的脂肪消化率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,试验组的食入氮和尿氮含量无显著差异(P>0.05);B组水貂的氮沉积含量显著高于对照组、D组和H组(P<0.05);B组和C组的净蛋白质利用率和蛋白质生物学价值显著高于对照组和D组(P<0.05),其他试验组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,在饲粮中添加适宜配伍和水平的复合酶制剂对育成期水貂营养物质消化率和生长性能具有较好的改善作用。本试验条件下,以添加890 mg/kg复合酶制剂Ⅰ(25.7%淀粉酶+25.6%酸性蛋白酶+20.5%阿拉伯木聚糖酶+12.8%果胶酶+2.6%甘露聚糖酶+12.8%植酸酶)的饲养效果最佳。     

施肥对普陀樟苗木生长及养分吸收利用的影响

为了解不同施肥水平对普陀樟Cinnamomum japonicum var.chenii苗木生长及养分吸收利用情况的影响,设置了3个水平的田间试验,即不施肥(ck),常规施肥(T50,50 g·m-2)和增量施肥(T100,100 g·m-2),于2012年6月至9月观测苗高和地径,定期采集分析土壤和植物样品。结果表明:普陀樟苗木的苗高、地径、根部和茎部生物量均随施肥量的增加而增加(P<0.05);而叶生物量和总生物量在6月时随施肥量增加而升高(P<0.05),到9月时则呈先升后降的趋势(P<0.05)。苗木体内养分质量分数和单株养分含量随施肥量的增加而增加(P<0.05),不同处理均以叶片养分质量分数最高;养分吸收及利用率随着施肥的增加而降低(P<0.05),T50和T100处理各元素的吸收利用效率均为氮>磷>钾。到试验结束时,T50处理土壤养分质量分数与试验开始时持平,T100处理钾积累,ck引起钾亏缺。从移栽成活来看,T50苗木体内养分积累,有利于移栽成活,保持土壤养分平衡;而T100养分浪费。综合判断,普陀樟苗木最适需养量应为50 g·m-2到100 g·m-2,且较接近50 g·m-2。