纤细裸藻对5种抗生素的胁迫响应

裸藻(Euglena)是一种重要的资源微藻,含有丰富的氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、维生素和裸藻糖等营养物质,并且裸藻没有细胞壁,其营养成分相对于其他藻类更容易被人体、水产动物吸收,开展裸藻集约化培养,对优化养殖环境具有十分重要的意义。为了研究裸藻的无菌化养殖,实验生态条件下,研究了不同浓度的5种抗生素(遗传霉素、氯霉素、青霉素、土霉素和链霉素)胁迫对纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)细胞密度及叶绿素a水平的影响。结果表明,在遗传霉素、土霉素和链霉素胁迫作用下,裸藻细胞密度显著降低(P0.05),低于25μg/m L的遗传霉素即可对裸藻生长与叶绿素a合成产生抑制,200μg/m L的土霉素和25μg/m L、50μg/m L的链霉素对裸藻叶绿素a合成有一定的促进作用;氯霉素和青霉素对裸藻生长有一定的促进效应,200μg/m L的青霉素可以显著提高纤细裸藻的细胞密度和叶绿素a水平(P0.05)。实验结果说明纤细裸藻对遗传霉素、土霉素和链霉素的敏感性较强,而氯霉素和青霉素可以作为纤细裸藻无菌系建立的备选抗生素,研究结果可为纤细裸藻的基因工程选择标记和无菌培养体系的建立提供参考。     

Antibiotic resistance in potentially bacteriocinogenic probiotic bacteria in aquaculture environments

Bacteriocin‐producing bacteria in aquaculture may prevent spreading of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, and could be used as an alternative to the empirical use of antimicrobial drugs, especially for prophylaxis. Bacteriocinogenic bacteria inoculated as probiotics should not carry undesirable traits, such as antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to find potentially bacteriocinogenic bacteria in an aquaculture system and evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Selective cultures for enterobacteria, non‐fermenting Gram‐negative rods and Gram‐positive cocci were obtained from water samples before bacterial isolation and biochemical identification. Overall, 160 representative strains were recovered and for 57 antagonism was observed against selected strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, with antagonism being expressed better on Brain Heart Infusion medium. After exclusion of interfering factors, bacteriocin or bacteriocin‐like substances were suggested to be related to the antagonism observed. Higher drug‐resistant rates were observed among potentially bacteriocinogenic bacteria for different antimicrobials of clinical relevance. Although antibiotic resistance is a global health problem and bacteriocins are attractive alternatives to classical antibiotic even to multiresistant bacteria, the data obtained suggest that bacteriocin‐producing bacteria may harbour resistance genes available for transference in different environments. From the ecological and biotechnological perspective, antimicrobial susceptibility tests must be always performed when prospecting potentially bacteriocinogenic bacteria as probiotic candidates in the environment.     

薰衣草基因转化直接分化受体系统的建立

以法国孟士德薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia cv. Munstead)的下胚轴和子叶为研究材料,通过高频再生系统的建立和抗生素敏感性实验,建立了薰衣草基因转化的直接分化受体系统.结果表明:下胚轴的不定芽分化能力比子叶更强,在IAA 0.1 mg·L-1 6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1条件下,10 d苗龄的下胚轴的出愈率和不定芽分化率分别为96.7%和36.7%;所得组培苗在1/2 MS基本培养基上生根率可达95%以上;确定了下胚轴适宜的抗生素筛选浓度,潮霉素的筛选浓度为10 mg·L-1,头孢霉素浓度为200 mg·L-1时即可有效抑制农杆菌的生长,同时又不会对薰衣草不定芽分化产生明显的伤害作用.     

抗生素替代品二甲酸钾在养猪业中的应用

"无抗"饲养是目前推崇的一种重要的绿色养殖方式.使用抗生素替代品有利于实现"无抗"养殖.二甲酸钾是近年来抗生素替代品研究的热点之一.猪是影响国计民生的重要经济动物之一,二甲酸钾对生猪生产有很多好处.本文主要概述了二甲酸钾的理化性质、安全性、作用机理以及作为抗生素替代品以饲料添加剂的方式在养猪行业中的应用情况,希望为养猪...     

不同施肥模式对洱海流域稻田土壤中耐药基因污染的影响

为探究不同施肥模式对洱海流域稻田土壤抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）和可移动遗传元件（MGEs）的影响,通过长期田间定位试验,采用高通量荧光定量PCR技术及实时荧光定量PCR技术相结合的方法,对不同施肥模式下稻田土壤中的144种ARGs和10种MGEs进行检测,全面解析了稻田ARGs的污染状况及空间分布规律。结果表明：不同施肥处理土壤中ARGs分布特征不同,其赋存绝对丰度水平整体呈现施用粪肥 > 施用缓控释肥 > 施用化肥 > 不施肥;施加粪肥土壤中的ARGs的赋存多样性和MGEs的种类显著高于其他处理土壤,不施肥模式则显著低于其他处理模式（P<0.05）。不同ARGs的相对丰度在稻田土壤柱中出现垂直迁移富集趋势,但其在不同土层中的富集程度存在差异。不同施肥模式稻田土壤各土层中的优势ARGs为多重耐药类（占比均值为60.3%）、氨基糖苷类（占比均值为10.5%）和四环素类（占比均值为7.5%）,其水平多与MGEs丰度显著相关（P<0.05）,表明MGEs促进了稻田土壤中ARGs的传播,加剧了土壤中ARGs的积累富集。研究表明,不同施肥模式对稻田土壤中ARGs和MGEs的分布规律有显著影响,不同深度土层中ARGs的富集程度各异。     

生猪废水处理和磷回收工艺中抗生素和耐药细菌的削减特征

调查生猪废水处理和磷回收工艺中,厌氧消化、氧化池、磷回收流化床和潜流人工湿地对水质参数、抗生素、耐药细菌和病原菌丰度削减的贡献。结果表明,在水质指标方面,厌氧消化对COD的去除率最大,为40.28%;人工湿地对TP和NH_4~+-N的去除率最大,分别达到53.33%和67.74%;流化床对TP的去除率为49.94%。在抗生素吸附和降解方面,厌氧消化、流化床和人工湿地对土霉素(OTC)和环丙沙星(CIP)具有较大幅度的去除,去除率范围分别为32.27%～63.77%和40.44%～44.11%;厌氧消化、氧化池和人工湿地对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)具有中等幅度的去除,去除率范围为18.10%～28.52%。在耐药细菌方面,厌氧消化作为一级处理工艺对各类型耐药细菌均具有最大去除率(50%);同样作为三级处理工艺,人工湿地能进一步削减耐药细菌的数量,而流化床出水中以奇异变形杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和宋内氏志贺氏菌为主的耐药细菌数量出现反弹。微生物群落分析发现,人工湿地在降低病原细菌丰度方面优势显著。研究表明,设置潜流人工湿地承接流化床出水可进一步深化处理生猪废水。     

Molecular epidemiology,characterization of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance profile of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from dairy farms in China and Pakistan

Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the most common pathogens that cause bovine mastitis worldwide. Identifying pathogen prevalence and virulence factors is critical for developing prevention and control approaches. Herein, 1 161 milk samples from various dairy farms in China (n=558) and Pakistan (n=603) were collected between 2019–2021 and were subjected to S. agalactiae isolation. Prevalence, serotyping, virulence genes, and antibiotic-resistant genes of S. agalactiae were evaluated by PCR assay. All isolates were characterized for haemolysis, biofilm production, cytotoxicity, adhesion, and invasion on bovine mammary epithelial cells. The prevalence of S. agalactiae-induced mastitis in cattle was found to be considerably higher in Pakistan than in China. Jiangsu and Sindh provinces had the highest area-wise prevalence in China and Pakistan, respectively. Serotypes Ia and II were prevalent in both countries, whereas serotype III was found only in Pakistan. Moreover, all isolates tested positive for PI-2b gene but negative for PI-1 and PI-2a genes. All isolates harboured cfb, cylE, hylB, and fbsB virulent genes, whereas many of them lacked bibA, rib and bca. However, the absence of bac and scp genes in Chinese isolates and cspA in Pakistani isolates was noted, while spb1 and lmb were not detected in isolates of both countries. Pakistani isolates, particularly serotype Ia-positive, had a considerably higher ability to produce biofilm, haemolysis, cytotoxicity, adhesion, and invasion than Chinese isolates. Most of the isolates were phenotypically resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin and genotypic resistance was confirmed by the presence of ermA, ermB, tetM and tetO genes. Our study highlights the antimicrobial resistance profile and virulence-related factors contributing to the epidemiological spread of mastitis-causing S. agalactiae in China and Pakistan. The findings may facilitate future studies designed to develop improved treatment and control strategies against this pathogen.     

4种水生植物对兽用抗生素去除效果比较

【目的】降低生活污水和畜禽养殖废水中兽药抗生素残留污染,为植物修复和人工湿地筛选较优去除兽用抗生素植物。【方法】选择4种常见水生植物(皇竹草Pennisetum hydridum、风车草Cyperus alternifolius、美人蕉Canna indica和梭鱼草Pontderia cordata)和3种常用兽药抗生素(阿莫西林、氟苯尼考和盐酸多西环素)构建水培试验体系,研究不同水生植物对水体环境中抗生素耐受性及去除效果。【结果】水培14 d后,4种供试植物对水体环境中的3种抗生素都有一定的去除能力,并且表现出抗生素低、中质量浓度(0～100μg/L)对植株株高和叶绿素含量具有促进作用,均高于对照;高质量浓度(大于100μg/L)则抑制生长,植株株高和叶绿素含量显著小于对照处理。100μg/L抗生素胁迫14 d后,各植株的去除效率最高,其中,对阿莫西林、氟苯尼考和盐酸多西环素去除效率最好的供试植物种类分别为皇竹草、美人蕉和美人蕉,去除效率分别为55.0%、56.2%和48.3%。【结论】在去除水体环境中的兽用抗生素时,本研究中4类植物对抗生素去除效率为美人蕉皇竹草梭鱼草、风车草。     

黄铁矿光降解泰乐菌素及干扰因素影响机制

为探讨不同环境条件对黄铁矿（FeS₂）光催化降解抗生素的影响，推进FeS₂光催化的实际应用，实验研究了pH值、水中NO₃^-和H₂PO₄^-对FeS₂光降解泰乐菌素（Tylosin，TYL）的影响机制，考察了FeS₂重复利用的光催化效果并深入分析了FeS₂光降解过程中的自由基贡献。结果表明：天然FeS₂能够在1 h内快速光降解TYL（降解率为97%）。FeS₂光催化过程中产生·OH、·O₂^-及h⁺，对TYL的光降解起主要作用的是·OH和·O₂^-。FeS₂使水溶液pH维持在酸性条件，导致初始溶液pH对FeS₂光降解TYL影响较小。水环境中NO₃^-可以吸收光能产生·OH，促进TYL的光降解。不同浓度H₂PO_-4对溶液pH的影响及Fe³⁺水解胶体的絮凝作用导致不同浓度H₂PO₄^-对FeS₂光降解TYL产生不同影响。FeS₂重复利用4次后，仍能够保持80%的光降解效率。研究表明，利用FeS₂去除抗生素具有实际应用价值，FeS₂的光催化效果与污水的pH值、NO₃^-和H₂PO₄^-浓度密切相关。     

食源性致病细菌在土壤中的生存策略及其治理方式

土壤健康，特别是农业土壤的健康，与食品安全密切相关。然而，目前在土壤中已检出了大肠杆菌、肠沙门氏菌、单核增生李斯特氏菌等食源性致病细菌。某些食源性致病细菌能适应土壤中生物与非生物环境并可长期存活，其毒力基因与抗生素抗性基因可能会通过食物链传播，从而给土壤环境生物安全与消费者健康带来风险。本文综述了土壤中食源性致病细菌的主要来源及其生存策略，并介绍了源头治理和原位修复的方法。在此基础上，对土壤中食源性致病细菌治理的技术策略进行了展望，并从改善土壤化学环境和物理环境、切断传播途径、生物防治等方面讨论了未来研究重点关注的方向，以期为保障土壤健康和食品安全提供新思路。