Spinal deformity in triploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes)

From mid-2004 to mid-2005, several grass carp, Ctenophayngodon idella (Valenciennes), showing evidence of spinal deformity were presented to the Aquatic Animal Health Program, Cornell University. The carp were from three separate locations in New York State. The first case involved several fish from a natural body of water in the Catskill Mountain region of south-eastern New York State. The second was a single affected individual from a private pond in the Fingerlakes region of Central New York State. The third was a single individual from the Cold Springs Harbor Fish Hatchery, Cold Springs Harbor, Long Island. All fish were at least 7 years of age. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans revealed the deformities to be of bony origin. The spinal deformities were characterized by variable amounts of kyphosis, scoliosis and rotation. While it is not possible to determine the specific cause(s) of the lesions, we consider a genetic component as a likely contributor to the observed pathology.     

转生长激素基因工程鲤鱼研究

约10000余尾注射牛和羊生长激素基因的鲤鱼已被生产出来，并从中筛选出生长速度快且整合了外源基因的个体143尾，也证明外源基因可传递给子代同时子代也具有快速生长的特征。建立了把外源基因直接注入受精卵的方法，确定了注入外源基因的最佳时期。     

香辛料液对草鱼块保鲜效果的影响

根据淡水鱼存在的贮藏问题,就香辛料液对草鱼鱼块保鲜效果进行了初步研究。采用水浴浸提的姜蒜大料-黄酒复合液(甲液)和超声浸提的姜蒜大料—黄酒复合液(乙液)对新鲜草鱼鱼块进行处理,通过测定货架期草鱼鱼肉的游离水含量、pH值、挥发性盐基总氮(TVBN)以及感官评分,研究了香辛料液对草鱼块的保鲜效果。结果表明:复合液能够有效地保持鱼肉货价期感官品质,并能有效延缓pH值和TVBN值的升高,且超声浸提的乙液效果较为明显。     

Effect of Fermented Chinese Medicine Preparation by Bacillus subtilis on Growth Performance,Biochemical Indices,Antioxidant Parameters and Ability of Anti-infection of Common Carp

The objective of this study was to evaluate of the growth performance, serum biochemical indices, liver antioxidant parameters and ability of anti-infection with Aeromonas hydrophila by adding the fermented Chinese medicine by Bacillus Subtilis to the carp fish feed, and to find out the appropriate supplemental level of fermented Chinese medicine in diets. Carp fingerling with an initial body weight of (35±0.5) g were set up to 6 experimental diets supplemented with 0 (control group), 0.1‰, 0.5‰, 1‰, 2‰ and 3‰ fermented Chinese medicine for 56 days, respectively. Each group had 30 fish and set up 3 repetitions. After the feeding trail,the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila to calculate the relative percentage survival (RPS).The results showed as follows:Supplementing fermented traditional Chinese medicine by Bacillus subtilis, the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF), the activities of lysozyme (LSZ), complement 3 (C3),total protein (TP),total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC),total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) in serum of common carp were enhanced at different degrees, while the feed coefficient (FCR)and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum were declined at different degrees.When the fermented Chinese medicine supplemental levels were 2‰ and 3‰,the effects were significant (P<0.05)(except for C3, ALP and Cr).The experimental results of the virulence of common carp infected with pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila showed that,the fermented herbal could obviously improve the ability of anti-infection, the immune protective rate of the group with 2‰, 3‰ doses of the fermented Chinese medicine could reach 77.23% and 74.63%, respectively. From what had been discussed above, the group with 2‰ and 3‰ doses of the fermented Chinese medicine had significant effect on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices, liver antioxidant parameters and Aeromonas hydrophila anti-infection ability. Considering the cost of adding fermented Chinese medicine, the recommendations for the best additive quantity was 2‰.     

鳙小卫星DNA的克隆

鳙基因组ＤＮＡ 经内切酶Ｓａｕ３ＡⅠ完全酶切后，与Ｂａｍ ＨⅠ－ ｐＵＣ１８ 质粒连接，转化ＤＨ５α后，获得９３３ 个重组体。用人源小卫星探针３３ ．１５ 对重组体进行原位杂交筛选，获得１４ 个阳性克隆，取其中的１ 个阳性克隆（ 即小卫星ｐＢＣ１７４） 作探针，与５ 尾鳙和４ 尾鲢基因组ＤＮＡ 杂交，能产生具有高度变异性的、个体特异性的ＤＮＡ 指纹图，表明克隆的鳙小卫星ｐＢＣ１７４ 可用于鱼类ＤＮＡ 指纹分析。     

Reassessment of phosphorus and nitrogen discharge from commercial carp feeds

ABSTRACT:   The present study, one in a series to clarify the phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) loading from carp culture, evaluated four commercial diets. The total and available P in these diets varied from 1.57 to 1.86% and from 0.38 to 0.87%, respectively. The control diet, selected based on an earlier experiment, contained 1.40% total P and 0.68% available P. The 7-week feeding trial was performed with juvenile carp. Superior feed gain ratio was obtained for the control diet (1.00) and it varied from 1.19 to 1.56 among the commercial diet groups. Similarly, the control diet showed higher rates of P absorption (43.8%) and retention (33.1%) than the rest (absorption: 18.1–40.9%; retention: 10.7–18.7%). Total P loading (kg/t production) was 10.0 for the control group but ranged from 19.1 to 25.0 among the commercial diet groups. Nitrogen absorption was not markedly different; however, fluctuations in retention resulted in N loading (kg/t production) that ranged between 47.1 and 66.3 among the commercial diets, higher than the 34.8 obtained for the control diet. The available P in the commercial diets rarely matched the requirement level, thereby negatively affecting the waste loading. The superior performance of the control diet underscores the fact that effective formulations help in keeping emission levels low.     

饲料中不同脂肪酸对草鱼组织脂质含量和脂肪酸构成的影响

实验选用初始作重约1．4g的草鱼，在60天的饲养期中分别投喂1种不含脂肪的饲料和8种含3％不同脂质的饲料，观察了饲料中添加油酸（18：1n-9）、亚油酸（18：2n－6）、亚麻酸（18：3n－3）和n－3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸（n－3HUFA；20：5n－3＋22：6n－3）对草鱼肝胰脏、肌肉、头部和去肝胰脏内脏脂质含量和脂肪酸构成的影响。实验结果表明，与摄食单纯含油酸饲料的草鱼相比，含1％18：2n－6和1％18：3n－3或1％18：2n－6和0．5％n－3HUFA饲料组草鱼的肝胰脏脂质含量显著降低，但内脏脂质含量升高。向饲料中添加18：2n－6、18：3n－3和n－3HUFA能明显影响草鱼肝胰脏、肌肉和头部脂质多不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量；组织中n－6系列和n－3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸含量分别与饲料中添加18：2n－6和18：3n－3有相关关系，表明草鱼具有生物转化18：2n－6和18：3n－3为高度不饱和脂肪酸的能力。     

Different combinations of protein ingredients in carp diets for reducing phosphorus loading

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to gather data on the reduction of environmental phosphorus (P) loading through the formulation of carp diets with different combinations of protein ingredients. Five experimental diets were formulated by substituting fishmeal (FM; 10–20%) with alternative protein sources such as meat meal (MM; 5–15%), blood meal (BM; 5–7%), and defatted soybean meal (dSBM; 6–10%). The control diet used was a commercial carp diet selected based on earlier experiments. Each diet was fed to duplicate groups of juvenile carp three times a day, until satiation for 12 weeks. Feed performance was proportional to the increase in dietary FM levels. Phosphorus absorption ranged between 41.6% and 52.0% among the experimental groups and was 42.6% for the control group, but there were no marked differences in nitrogen (N) absorption rates. Phosphorus retention ranged from 31.4% to 35.7% for the test diets, whereas N retention increased proportionally with dietary FM levels and ranged from 34.7% to 41.7%. The P and N retention values of the control diet were 27.6% and 41.2%, respectively. The total P loading (T-P) increased at the higher FM levels (9.1–10.7 kg/t production), whereas lower FM levels produced higher total N loading (T-N, 34.6–43.1 kg/t production), the figures for the control being 13.9 T-P kg/t production and 35.6 T-N kg/t production. These results indicate that the reduction of FM levels to 10–20% by replacing it with MM, BM, and dSBM in carp diets was effective in reducing the loading of P and N.     

Activities of mesencephalic nucleus neurons during fictive swimming of the carp Cyprinus carpio

ABSTRACT:   Fish swim by undulatory contractions of the axial trunk musculature. It has been presumed that a descending signal from the brainstem activates central pattern generators in the spinal cord to make the swimming rhythm. In the carp the electrical or chemical stimulation of a mesencephalic nucleus, the nucleus fasciculi longitudinalis medialis (Nflm), could initiate swimming. However, it has not been established what signals originate from the Nflm in order to make the fish swim. The activity of the Nflm neurons was therefore examined electrophysiologically during fictive swimming in paralyzed carp. Three types of neuronal activities closely related to the swimming rhythms were obtained. The first type was a continuous tonic firing throughout an episode of fictive swimming. Neurons involved in this tonic activity may project to the spinal cord and contribute to the activation of spinal neurons to initiate fish swimming. The second type was accompanied by continual phasic firings occurring in rhythm with the activity of spinal motoneurons. Supposing that the swimming rhythm originates in the spinal cord, the synchronous activity in the brain neurons may suggest that in the nucleus there is a relay neuron conveying the rhythm information from the cord to other neurons there or in the brain. The third type exhibited reduced firing rates during fictive swimming. It is possible that the neurons engaged in this activity may be inhibitory and suppress the activities of other neurons in the nucleus and spinal cord during rest or during decelerating swimming.