北部湾海域秋、冬季毛颚类的种类组成与数量分布

为了解和掌握北部湾渔场生态环境的动态变化规律，于2001年11月至2002年1月对北部湾海域进行了2个航次的调查。结果表明，该海域毛颚类种类组成较为简单，样品中共鉴定出13种，其组成无明显季节变化。调查期间毛颚类栖息密度、生物量和多样性指数的变化范围分别为0．76—45．70／m^3、2．00—70．04mg／m^3和0．18—1．99;秋、冬季平均值分别为12．03／m^3、23．19mg／m^3、0．81和6．29／m^3、19．61mg／m^3、0．90。主要优势种为肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)、小箭虫(Sagitta neglecta)和百陶箭虫(Sagitta bedoti)。三者栖息密度分别占毛颚类总栖息密度的10．4％、3．1％和1．8％。栖息密度和生物量的分布总体呈现北高南低、西高东低的趋势，不同季节表现略有差异。多样性指数以湾口较高、湾顶较低，呈湾口向湾内西北方向递减趋势。此外，本研究对毛颚类的种类组成、数量分布与水系、水团、水温及盐度等环境因子的关系进行了初步的探讨。     

莱州湾三疣梭子蟹的生化遗传分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续凝胶垂直板电泳技术对三疣梭子蟹的同工酶进行检测。分析了13种同工酶在莱州湾三疣梭子蟹肌肉中的表达情况,并对同工酶的表型进行了生化遗传分析。结果表明,13种同工酶有22个基因位点编码,其中Ldh-1,Me-3,Gdh-1,Sdh-1,G6pd-1和Sod-3共6个位点是多态的,多态位点百分数是27.3%。三疣梭子蟹的平均每个位点的等位基因的有效数目Ae为1.2270,平均每个位点的预期杂合度He为0.1170,实际杂合度Ho为0.2159。同时还分析了三疣梭子蟹的各个多态位点的Hardy-Weinberg偏离指数:Ldh-1、Me-3和Sod-3的d值都为1.0000,Gdh-1、Sdh-1和G6pd-1的d值分别为0.5047、0.8726和0.0597。这些数据表明,莱州湾三疣梭子蟹的种质资源还处于较好的状态。     

莱州湾东部养殖区浮游植物的生态特征

阐述了莱州湾浅海养殖区浮游植物的生物量、种类组成、赤潮生物和群落结构特征。 1997年5～ 12月间浮游植物数量的变动范围为 19.0 0～ 6873.5× 10 3cell/m3,浮游植物的数量高峰出现在秋季 9月 ,最低值出现在春季 5月。共检出浮游植物 2 5属 61种。其中硅藻 2 1属 5 5种 ,占 89.1% ;甲藻有 3属 6种 ,占 9.4 % ;蓝藻 1属 1种 ,占 1.5 %。另共出现赤潮生物 2 6种 ,占总种数的 4 2 .6%。并采用生物多样性指数、种类丰富度指数、均匀度指数和单纯度指数分析了调查海域浮游植物的群落结构特征。     

Length and sex-specific associations between spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and hydrographic variables in the Bay of Fundy and Scotian Shelf

The associations between spiny dogfish ( Squalus acanthias ) and hydrographic variables (temperature, salinity and depth) were examined in the Bay of Fundy and Scotian Shelf from 1970 to 1998. Data were obtained from standard groundfish bottom trawl surveys. Dogfish sex affected habitat associations. Males were found to occupy bottom water of significantly higher salinities and depths than that occupied by females. Length also significantly affected habitat associations. Smaller dogfish occupied relatively deep, high salinity bottom water compared with larger dogfish. Overall, the occupied temperatures, salinities and depths were significantly different from those which were available. Dogfish occupied warmer temperatures along a narrow range (6.62–9.19°C) compared with those which were available (1.57–9.35°C). Occupied salinity (32.70–34.43 ppt) and occupied depth (88.62–184.66 m) were also distributed along a narrower range than available salinity (32.16–34.79 ppt) and available depth (55.00–218.10 m). Sex-specific, length-specific and overall environmental preference by dogfish may bias traditional `offshore' groundfish surveys while large scale changes in hydrographic parameters may alter dogfish distribution and their interactions with other marine fauna.     

唐岛湾网箱养殖区底层水营养盐变化及营养状况分析

根据2004年8月、10月和2005年2月、5月对唐岛湾网箱养殖区现场调查,分析了网箱养殖区底层海水营养盐的季节变化,并对水质营养化状况进行了评价。结果表明,与对照点相比,唐岛湾网箱养殖对底层海水pH、DO影响不明显,对COD、NO2--N、PO34--P、NH4 -N影响相对较大。从无机氮营养结构看,DIN在冬季和春季以NO3--N为主,秋季NO3--N和NH4 -N二者相差不大,占主要比重,而在夏季NH4 -N所占比重最大。从A值和NQI值的统计结果看,在养殖活动较强的夏季和秋季,A值范围为1～2,为开始受污染等级,其他季节为水质处于良好等级,营养状态指数EQI值也呈夏季和秋季较其他季节高的变化趋势。     

乳山湾沉积物重金属污染及其生态危害评价

根据2003年对乳山湾东湾表层沉积物中重金属调查结果，对重金属含量分布及富集特征进行分析，并采用瑞典科学家Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对其生态危害程度进行评价。结果表明，乳山湾沉积物中的重金属含量，除5月的Hg、As平均含量略低于8月外，其他重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)平均含量5月高于8月。在表层沉积物中Cd的富集程度最大，除5月1号测站外，污染指数超过1．0。水平分布除Cd为湾口处含量较低外，其他重金属基本呈湾口和湾底含量较高的分布趋势。单个重金属潜在危害系数表明，Cd的E值大于其他重金属的E；值，其他重金属的E值均小于Hakanson所提出的沉积物重金属生态危害程度的轻微危害程度的划分标准，表明重金属对乳山湾生态环境具有潜在影响的元素主要是Cd，污染程度由高到低依次为Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cu、Zn。与历史同期调查相比，表层沉积物中Cd含量升高幅度最大。从多个重金属的潜在生态危害指数看，两次RI调查均值小于150，属于轻微的生态危害。     

粤西海域饵料生物水平及多样性研究

根据1998～1999年春、夏、秋、冬4个航次粤西海域饵料生物的调查资料,在GIS的支持下利用数据插值、栅格图形加权平均和数学运算模型等空间分析手段对该海域饵料生物栖息密度的时空分布特征及其生物多样性进行了综合的分析和评价。结果表明,调查期间粤西海域饵料生物的综合水平均呈现出近岸水域高、离岸水域低的分布趋势,即从北向南呈递减趋势。整个海域以冬季的饵料生物水平最高,其密集分布区范围最广,达5级水平;春季和秋季密集区的分布范围较为相似;而夏季饵料生物的密集区范围较小,仅为3级水平。在季节变化趋势上,浮游动物和底栖生物数量为冬季大于夏季大于秋季大于春季,浮游植物数量为冬季大于秋季大于夏季大于春季,总体以冬季水平最高,春季水平最低。调查期间粤西海域各个季节之间饵料生物多样性指数和均匀度相差不大,其平均值变化范围分别为3.02～3.43和0.60～0.72,显示出稳定的多样性水平。多样性阈值的分布较为均匀,绝大部分水域为2～3级水平,个别水域达4级水平,其密集区基本分布于整个海域的中部或南部,总体上以离岸水域的多样性阈值高于近岸水域,但各个季节的平面分布趋势略有差异,表现为密集区出现的范围和水域稍有不同。     

Where have all the sawfishes gone? Perspectives on declines of these Critically Endangered species in Sri Lanka

1. All five species of sawfishes (family Pristidae) are amongst the most threatened marine fishes in the world, with steep population declines and local extinctions documented across their ranges.
2. Sawfishes have featured in Sri Lankan species checklists since 1889. However, landing records are extremely rare and little information is available on their status, diversity, and recent occurrences.
3. Interviews were conducted with 300 fishers and 10 fish traders. Only 39% of fishers (n = 118) could identify sawfishes, 37% had seen sawfishes (although half not since 1992), and only 10.7% had ever caught one. No respondents under 30 years could identify sawfishes. Older respondents (>50 years) were more likely to have caught sawfishes and reported seeing them frequently until 30 years ago, while younger respondents had only seen them at landing sites and, at most, once or twice in their life. Only 10 respondents had seen a sawfish in the last decade, suggesting that sawfishes were relatively abundant in the past but that populations have drastically declined.
4. Of the 32 respondents who had caught sawfishes, 30 reported declining numbers and attributed it to fishing pressure. These steep declines coincide with the time of increased fishing effort, the development of the aquaculture industry, and resulting degradation of coastal habitats in the 1980–1990s.
5. Overall, sawfishes had little cultural significance although fishers had specific names for the different species occurring here and rostra were sometimes donated to Catholic churches for ‘good luck’. Landed sawfishes were primarily sold for meat and traders appeared unaware of the high value of fins.
6. It is likely that sawfishes are now functionally extinct as a component of coastal ecosystems in Sri Lanka. Immediate action including species-specific legislation and critical habitat protection is urgently needed to provide remaining sawfishes and other sharks and rays with a fighting chance.

     

The diet of Chesapeake Bay striped bass in the late 1950s

The diet of Chesapeake Bay striped bass, (Morone saxatilis) Walbaum, based on unpublished stomach content data from 916 fish collected between 1955 and 1959 was described. The diet in the late 1950s, quantified using an index of relative importance (IRI), was dominated by Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus Latrobe. Atlantic menhaden (66%) and bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli Valenciennes, (19%) had the highest IRI value overall. Small striped bass (<600 mm total length) ate predominantly bay anchovy (IRI = 67%). Large striped bass (≥ 600 mm total length) ate predominantly Atlantic menhaden (IRI = 93%). Since 1990 small striped bass rely more on invertebrate prey and larger fish now rely more on small pelagic prey, such as bay anchovy and 0‐age clupeids. Analysis of historical data using current techniques provided a valuable tool for comparison to help in understanding the current striped bass predator–prey relationship in Chesapeake Bay.