中国对虾育苗中几项新的技术措施

本文针对目前中国对虾苗种生产中幼体病害日益严重的问题，提出了采用卵子消毒和生态防病作为预防疾病的重要手段，并介绍了几种消毒剂用于对虾幼体不同时期的安全浓度，为对虾育苗生产中防治病害提供了几项新的技术措施。     

3DJY-45型多功能烟苗剪叶机的设计

 为满足烟草穴盘漂浮育苗工厂化、机械化的需要,达到降低烟农劳动强度,提高劳动效率,适时对漂浮育苗科学管理的目的,设计了一种多功能烟苗剪叶机。该机具以1台单相异步电动机和3台步进电机为动力源,可一次完成剪叶、喷药消毒、行走和自动换行等多项作业;采用独特结构形式的钣金剪叶罩及刀具,使剪叶区形成合理的负压,实现可靠剪叶和碎叶回收。通过程控的3台步进电机实现横向的连续剪叶和纵向换行,实现剪叶过程的自动化。该机具可以达到平稳剪叶、剪叶高度可控可调以及效率高的目标,同时具有结构合理紧凑、池间转移方便、操作简单等优点。     

西北干旱区农田春小麦蒸散量的空间插值方法

综合运用传统统计分析方法和地质统计分析方法,研究了西北旱区春小麦蒸散量在不同生育阶段的时空变异特征,并分析了试验区表层土壤储水量和叶面积指数对春小麦蒸散量的影响关系,通过分析比较,筛选表层土壤储水量为协同因子,并将其应用到试验区春小麦蒸散量的空间插值研究中。研究结果表明:在所研究的条件下,即使外观较为均匀、面积相对较小的农田,春小麦蒸散量仍具有较高的空间变异(变异系数范围0.328~0.495);当降雨入渗深度小于20 cm时,表层土壤储水量(0~20 cm)是影响研究区春小麦蒸散量变异的主要因子,春小麦不同生育期累积蒸散量与表层土壤储水量变化的相关系数在0.8~0.9之间,远大于春小麦累积蒸散量与叶面积指数的相关系数;基于表层土壤储水量的蒸散量协同克里金空间插值分析与地面实测结果相比,仅42个蒸散量地面采样数据即可保证研究区春小麦蒸散量估计精度高于90%。     

紫外辐射技术及其在水产养殖上的应用

紫外线消毒技术在国内外经过20多年的发展,已经成为一种成熟可靠的绿色环保技术,在各类污水的消毒处理中得到广泛应用。本文介绍了紫外消毒技术的工作原理,技术特点和影响紫外线消毒效率的各种因素,并着重概述了该技术在水产养殖方面的应用现状、存在问题和发展前景。     

白木香2种外植体的组织培养

沉香是国际上极负盛名的药用和香料资源之一。在亚洲许多国家,沉香产业既是传统行业也是发展迅猛的新兴产业。沉香优良种质的大规模应用对沉香产业的可持续发展具有重大意义。因此优良沉香种质资源是近年沉香产业关注的重点和热点,但一些优良种质的品质特性无法通过有性繁殖遗传,大规模繁育存在技术障碍。植物组织培养技术在品种优良性状保持、种子资源保存、快速繁殖等方面具有非常突出的优越性,被广泛应用于中药资源保护和中药产业发展。为建立工业化生产的沉香广谱再生体系,本文以白木香无菌苗和成龄植株的枝条为材料从外植体消毒、丛生芽诱导和生根培养三方面进行组织培养研究。结果表明,通过0.1%多菌灵溶液浸泡3 min,流动水冲洗3 h处理,对采摘自大田的白木香枝条有较好的除菌效果。0.1%升汞溶液消毒6~8 min,可有效保持外植体的成活率。在培养基中适当添加灭菌剂也能有效控制材料染菌。无菌苗茎段丛生芽诱导较易,大田枝条的丛生芽诱导较难。WPM + 20 g/L蔗糖+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA (G₄)有利于无菌苗的丛生芽诱导;1/2 MS+25 g蔗糖+2 mg/L 6-BA+0.01 mg/L NAA (I₃),1/4 MS+20 g/L蔗糖+ 2 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA (J₂)和WPM+20 g蔗糖+1 mg/L 6-BA+0.01 mg/L NAA (K₂)有利于成龄植株枝条外植体的丛生芽诱导,将膨大的丛生芽团切割后转接于不含植物生长调节剂的WPM培养基中可促进丛生芽伸长。WPM培养基中添加10~20 g/L蔗糖,并加入0.1~0.5 mg/L NAA可诱导无菌苗和茎段外植体的新芽生根。本研究以沉香2种外植体进行组织培养,成功获得再生植株,为沉香优良种质的无性繁殖提供技术参考。     

Characterizing Constituents of Sediment Phosphorus Fractionation in a Freshwater Shallow Lake System

[Objective] This study aimed to characterize constituents of phosphorus(P)fractionation as well as reciprocities among factors in sediments of a freshwater shallow lake. [Method] Surface sediment was discretely sampled at 24 sites through Van Veen grabs. Based on a modified sequential extraction scheme, P fractionation was determined as Fe/Al bound P(Fe/Al-P), Ca bound P(Ca-P), solute and reductive P(S/R-P) and organic P(OP). Curve estimation and Pearson product-moment correlation were employed for statistical analysis. [Result] Total P(TP) content ranged from 443 to 774 mg/kg. Inorganic P(IP) was the major component of TP,of which Ca-P was dominated with an average of 51%±9.7%. Average contents of P fractionation were in the following order: Ca-P(51%) OP(29%) S/R-P(8%) Fe/Al-P(7%). The molar ratio of Fe to P was 11- 20, close to the threshold value of P leaching. [Conclusion] In freshwater shallow lakes, IP and Ca-P were prone to be relatively high, whereas Fe/Al-P was low compared with deep lakes. Occurrence of spatially monotonic gradient indicated the primary causation of anthropogenic sources. Imminent sediment P liberation was also expected. Close associations among TP, Fe/Al-P and Ca-P, implying that anthropogenic P was mainly bound to metals in particulates. Significant correlations of TOC and P fractionation highlighted endogenous mechanism and authigenic origin in sediments.     

提取方法对黑木耳多糖提取效果的影响

以黑木耳为原料,研究缓冻-传统水提、超低温冻融-传统水提、缓冻-超声和超低温冻融-超声4种提取方法对多糖提取率的影响,并与传统水提法、超声法提取在提取效果和提取物表面形态上进行比较.试验结果表明,通过单因素试验分析,缓冻-传统水提法、超低温冻融-传统水提法、缓冻-超声法和超低温冻融-超声法的黑木耳多糖提取率分别为21.22％、23.60％、7.58％和7.71％,与传统水提法、超声法提取相比较,采用相同提取方法（传统水提）时,提取率为超低温冻融＞缓冻处理＞超声处理.采用扫描电镜对不同方法提取多糖后黑木耳残渣进行表面形态观察,结果表明,提取率更高的黑木耳组织受破坏程度更大,组织间的裂缝和孔隙增大,组织状态由团状变为片状,片状组织逐渐变薄变细碎,从而有利于多糖的溶出.     

响应面法优化脚板薯皂苷提取工艺

[目的]优化脚板薯皂苷的最佳提取工艺.[方法]探讨提取温度、提取时间、料液比和乙醇浓度对脚板薯皂苷提取率的单因素影响.在此基础上,采用响应面分析方法,进一步研究各自变量及其交互作用对脚板薯皂苷提取率的影响,并对其工艺参数进行优化.[结果]脚板薯皂苷提取的最佳工艺条件为提取温度76℃、提取时间1.5h、乙醇浓度90％、料液比1：30（m/v）,在此最优工艺条件下,脚板薯皂苷提取率达0.291％.[结论]该研究可为脚板薯皂苷的工业化生产提供理论指导.     

长江口水中汞含量分析评价

为了了解长江口水中汞污染情况,2013年1 ～ 12月份逐月采集水样以原子荧光法测量其中汞的含量,采用单因子污染指数法评估汞的污染水平.结果表明,长江口水体中汞含量为0.05～0.16 μg/L,平均值达0.09 μg/L,且不同月份浓度变化较大,呈现春夏高、秋冬低的季节变化特征;以地表水Ⅲ类标准（0.1μg/L）为评价标准,单因子污染评价结果显示长江口汞污染全部高于清洁水平,且有5个月处于污染程度,表明长江口水体中汞含量存在潜在健康风险.     

Improved performance of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, larvae after ozone disinfection of the eggs

Ozone (O₃) dissolved in seawater (ODS) was evaluated, as an egg disinfectant, on the spawn of captive gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, brood stock. Four contact times (CT) were tested (0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 mg min L⁻¹) where CT was calculated by multiplying the dissolved O₃ concentration (0.3 mg L⁻¹) by different exposure periods (2, 4, 8, 16 min). There was also a disinfected seawater treatment that contained no O₃ or derived compounds (CT 0) and an untreated seawater control. All ODS treatments reduced egg surface bacterial counts to zero, which was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the CT 0 and the control groups (194 and 1320 plate⁻¹ respectively). Nevertheless, the hatching rate was high in the control and the CT treatments 0, 0.6 and 1.2 (88.7%, 87.3%, 89.5% and 83.7% respectively) while eggs exposed to a CT 2.4 and 4.8 hatched poorly (36.5% and 20.4% respectively), which was likely due, at least in part, to larvae unable to break the egg chorion successfully. Swim‐bladder inflation was significantly higher in the ODS groups (>97%) compared with the control and CT 0 treatments (ca. 70%). The results suggest that a 2‐min exposure of eggs to 0.3 mg O₃ L⁻¹ of ODS (CT 0.6) would improve current protocols in marine larviculture.