‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子根瘤内生解磷菌的鉴定及特性研究

根瘤内生解磷菌具有促进豆科植物结瘤固氮,提高植物抗逆性等作用。本研究以‘晋农1号’达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza daurica ‘Jinnong NO.1’)为试验材料,采用“划线法”分离其根瘤内生菌,筛选具有解磷能力的菌株,测定其解磷能力,并对其抗逆和促生特性进行研究。结果表明：达乌里胡枝子根瘤中共分离出88株内生菌,其中11株具有解磷能力;TG41,TG43,TG47和TG68解有机磷量为0.73~1.29μg·mL^-1,TG47和TG68解无机磷量为72.97和1.29μg·mL^-1,为有效解磷菌;经鉴定,TG41和TG43为Bacillus zanthoxyli,TG47为Phyllobacterium zundukense,TG68为Pantoea agglomerans;TG41,TG43和TG68在盐浓度0.01%~9.00%和pH4~pH12条件下均可生长;4株菌不耐高温,TG47和TG68能在4℃生长;TG41,TG43和TG68能分泌铁载体和有机酸。综上,达乌里胡枝子根瘤中存在丰富的内生菌,部分具有解磷功能、抗逆和促生潜力,可用于研发适合黄土高原地区胡枝子建植的根瘤微生物复合菌剂。     

可持续发展评价指标体系研究综述

文章介绍了可持续发展评价指标体系的概念、功能,可持续发展评价指标体系构建常用的系统法、目标法、归类法,指标设置应遵循的原则,指标权重的确定方法以及指标的综合评价方法和发展展望。     

人工林可持续经营认证标准与指标问题

阐述了森林认证对于人工林可持续经营的必要性。依据黑龙江森工林区人工林经营实践和森林认证在该地区的发展情况，讨论了FSC原则和标准框架下本区域森林可持续经营认证的人工林标准与指标问题。认为标准与指标应该针对本区域天然林破碎严重，人工林树种单一、稳定性差、生长量低、生态效益不好等一系列问题，提出了人工林标准与指标的基本内容。     

The ecological sustainability of tropical forest management: evaluation of the national forest management standards of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, with emphasis on the need for adaptive management

From a conceptual point of view, national forest management standards in Latin American countries have progressed significantly in recent years. Examples include the Costa Rican Standards and Procedures for Sustainable Forest Management and Certification, developed by the National Commission for Forest Certification and in Nicaragua, the National Institute of Forestry proposal of principles, criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. In line with general approaches worldwide, these national standards primarily focus on the fulfillment of sound forest practice. There is comparatively little emphasis on the assessment of management outcomes or changes in key components of the eco- and social-systems that result from management impacts. Essentially, there is little emphasis on adaptive management, though arguments that management cannot be sustainable if it is not adaptive are persuasive. This study sought to contribute to the development of standards that include elements for adaptive management that define, communicate and evaluate sustainable forest management in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Elements from the national standards and the CIFOR generic C&I template (predominantly focused on forest management outcomes) were used as a starting point. The basic research process consisted of three phases of evaluation (in-office, desk and field). The evaluations were carried out by multidisciplinary, international groups of experts in forest ecology, management and policy. This study demonstrated the value of forums and workshops that facilitate exchange between forest scientists and policymakers; the innovation and application of a practical, applicable and scientifically based methodology for developing national level C&I; and acceptance of this methodology by key players in the fields of forest management and policy. These experiences and the resulting proposals of C&I for the evaluation of ecologically sustainable forest management are expected to be used as points of reference for future development of forest policy in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and to contribute to the overall understanding of C&I development processes in the region.     

竹材横纹压缩的应力松弛

以毛竹(Phyllostachs pubescens)为对象,对竹材应力松弛规律进行了实验研究,分析了不同温度及不同含水率对竹材横纹压缩的应力松弛特性的影响,建立了描述竹材横纹压缩应力松弛模型。实验表明,竹材横纹压缩应力松弛与含水率、温度、应变水平密切相关,随着温度的升高和含水率的增加,竹材的应力松弛速率增大,应力松弛时间缩短。     

祁连山水源涵养林可持续经营标准与指标体系的建立

阐述了森林可持续经营标准与指标的研究动态，分析了建立祁连山水源涵养林可持续经营标准与指标体系的必要性，提出了祁连山水源涵养林可持续经营的7个标准，28个指标，其目的是探讨祁连山水源函养林合理经营的理论依据，最大限度地保护和恢复祁连山的天然林资源，并取得较大的生态，经济和社会效益。     

Safety of the tram car for slopes examined by stress analysis of the ground structure

For monorail systems, it is very important to ensure the safety of the ground structure. We developed a tram car for slopes that utilizes the mechanism of the monorail and analyzed the stress of the ground structure that had double rails. First, we divided the ground structure into seven components, and formulated a procedure for calculating the stress of the ground structure. As a result, the stress that acts upon the main rail and the main rail connecting part was near the allowable stress, and each calculated value was within the allowable stress. We measured the stress by running the vehicle, and compared the measured values with the calculated values. As a result, some measured values were larger than the calculated values. However, the ratio of measured value to allowable stress was 90% or less. Finally, we calculated the static loading coefficient for each part, results of which were as follows: main and subrail: 1.1; rail connection part and prop foundation part: 1.0; rail installation part: 1.3. In the recalculations, it became clear that the recalculated values exceeded the allowable stresses. These results suggest that we need to review the ground structure materials.     

Mechanical properties of wood in an unstable state due to temperature changes,and analysis of the relevant mechanism IV: effect of chemical components on destabilization of wood

In order to investigate the effects of chemical components and matrix structure on the destabilization of quenched wood, we examined the physical and mechanical properties of steam-treated wood, hemicellulose-extracted wood, and delignified wood, which were treated at different levels. For steam-treated and hemicellulose-extracted wood,the relative relaxation modulus of the quenched sample was lower than that of the respective control sample. For delignified wood, the relative relaxation modulus fell with weight loss and reached a minimum value at a certain weight loss, and subsequently increased significantly. The hygroscopicity of all treated samples changed slightly by steaming, whereas increased with removing the component. More-over, the average volumetric swelling per 1% MC at 100% relative humidity (RH) was less than at 75% RH and 93% RH for component-removed wood. It was clear that a void structure existed. As a result, the destabilization evaluated by the fluidity (1 - E _t/E ₀) of steam-treated wood was influenced by the amount of adsorbed water. For component-removed wood, destabilization increased temporarily at lower weight loss because of nonuniform cohesive structure. At high weight loss, destabilization will decreased because capillary-condensed water gathered in the voids and obstructed the motion of adsorbed water. However, the destabilization of all treated wood changed less than that of chemically modified wood.     

Estimation of shear moduli of wood by quasi-simple shear tests

A quasi-simple shear test, which is the most direct method for examining the shear properties of sheet metals, has been applied to measure the shear moduli of wood. Buna (Fagus crenata Blume) with variously sized shear regions was used for the test specimens. Strain gauges were mounted in the center of the shear regions to measure the shear strains. The shear tests were carried out to determine the shear moduli in the radial and tangential planes. Apparent shear moduli obtained from the experimental results were corrected by finite element method (FEM) simulation of the shear region, where both shearing and bending are produced. It was found that the corrected shear moduli are roughly independent of test conditions, and their values are in good agreement with the data obtained from bending-shear tests. This suggests that the method employed here can effectively estimate the shear moduli of wood.Part of this research was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Society of Materials Science, Osaka, May 2001