Suitability of enzymatic hydrolyzates of extracted gluten from fresh pasta by-product used as bread improvers

Gluten extracted from fresh pasta by-products (PG) was enzymatically hydrolyzed by two different commercial proteases (Alcalase 2.4 L and Pancreatin) to different degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0%). Commercial gluten (CG) was used as reference. The evaluation of functional properties of hydrolyzates from pasta gluten (PGH) and commercial gluten (CGH) showed that Pancreatin hydrolyzates had the highest emulsifying capacities. Regarding the foaming activity, all hydrolyzates performed better than unhydrolyzed gluten. PGH and CGH were added to wheat flour (1%) and their effects on dough rheology were studied. Most hydrolyzates with DH 8% increased dough thermal stability and elasticity during mixing, accelerated the denaturation rate of the protein network, and delayed the gelatinization speed of starch as the temperature increased. Texture profiles and specific volumes of breads from low quality wheat flour with added Pancreatin hydrolyzates (DH 8%) were comparable to those of breads from high quality flour. This showed the potential suitability of PGH and CGH as bread improvers.     

施用不同有机肥对香草兰生长及土壤酶活性的影响

通过大田试验研究施用不同有机肥对香草兰生长,叶绿素荧光特性及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:有机肥和生物有机肥混合施用的处理香草兰茎蔓和叶片干重显著高于施用牛粪的处理;施用生物有机肥和有机肥的处理香草兰叶片表观电子光合传递速率(ETR)和实际光化学效率(Yield)无显著性差异,但均显著高于施用牛粪的处理;有机肥和生物有机肥混合施用的处理土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性显著高于施用牛粪的处理。综上所述,有机肥和生物有机肥配合施用可显著促进香草兰生长,提高香草兰的光能利用效率和土壤酶活性。     

轮耕对冬小麦田土壤酶活性时空变化的影响

为了解轮耕对土壤酶活性的影响,采用田间定位试验,比较和分析了秸秆还田和不还田条件下,连续3年常规耕作(3C)、1年深翻+2年常规耕作(DP2C)、2年深翻+1年常规耕作(2DPC)和连续3年深翻(3DP)处理的冬小麦田土壤酶活性时空变化特点。结果表明,秸秆还田和深翻均可提高0~40cm土层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,其中秸秆还田后平均增幅分别为24.92%、9.20%、6.66%和11.04%,经深翻处理后平均增幅分别为5.33%、6.26%、2.02%和3.43%。随着土层深度增加,各处理土壤酶活性逐渐降低,2DPC和3DP处理相对3C处理20~40cm土层4种土壤酶活性降低幅度较小。秸秆还田配合2DPC、3DP土壤耕作处理不仅能提高酶活性,也有利于酶在土壤中均匀分布。     

Marennine,Promising Blue Pigments from a Widespread Haslea Diatom Species Complex

In diatoms, the main photosynthetic pigments are chlorophylls a and c, fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin. The marine pennate diatom Haslea ostrearia has long been known for producing, in addition to these generic pigments, a water-soluble blue pigment, marennine. This pigment, responsible for the greening of oysters in western France, presents different biological activities: allelopathic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and growth-inhibiting. A method to extract and purify marennine has been developed, but its chemical structure could hitherto not be resolved. For decades, H. ostrearia was the only organism known to produce marennine, and can be found worldwide. Our knowledge about H. ostrearia-like diatom biodiversity has recently been extended with the discovery of several new species of blue diatoms, the recently described H. karadagensis, H. silbo sp. inedit. and H. provincialis sp. inedit. These blue diatoms produce different marennine-like pigments, which belong to the same chemical family and present similar biological activities. Aside from being a potential source of natural blue pigments, H. ostrearia-like diatoms thus present a commercial potential for aquaculture, cosmetics, food and health industries.     

Overview on Biological Activities and Molecular Characteristics of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Green Algae in Recent Years

Among the three main divisions of marine macroalgae (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta), marine green algae are valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds and remain largely unexploited in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical areas. Recently, a great deal of interest has been developed to isolate novel sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from marine green algae because of their numerous health beneficial effects. Green seaweeds are known to synthesize large quantities of SPs and are well established sources of these particularly interesting molecules such as ulvans from Ulva and Enteromorpha, sulfated rhamnans from Monostroma, sulfated arabinogalactans from Codium, sulfated galacotans from Caulerpa, and some special sulfated mannans from different species. These SPs exhibit many beneficial biological activities such as anticoagulant, antiviral, antioxidative, antitumor, immunomodulating, antihyperlipidemic and antihepatotoxic activities. Therefore, marine algae derived SPs have great potential for further development as healthy food and medical products. The present review focuses on SPs derived from marine green algae and presents an overview of the recent progress of determinations of their structural types and biological activities, especially their potential health benefits.     

顾及时滞效应的西南地区植被NPP变化归因分析

随着社会经济的不断发展,近年来西南地区部分区域生态环境日益脆弱。研究气候变化和人类活动影响下植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）时空演变特征,可为监测区域植被生长状况及其对驱动因素的响应机制提供理论依据。该研究以2000－2020年MOIDS NPP数据为基础,结合气象、人口密度、夜间灯光和土地利用类型等数据,使用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、多重共线性检验、多元回归分析、残差分析和偏相关分析等研究方法,分析2000－2020年西南地区及各地貌单元植被NPP时空变化特征及对气候变化和人类活动的响应特征。结果表明：1）2000－2020年,除青藏高原植被NPP、气候影响下的植被NPP预测值（Predicted Net Primary Productivity,NPPPre,）和人类活动影响下的植被NPP残差值（Residual Net Primary Productivity,NPPRes）呈微弱波动下降外,其余地貌单元植被NPP、NPPPre和NPPRes均呈较明显的波动上升趋势,其中,四川盆地植被NPP、NPPPre和NPPRes波动上升趋势尤为显著,上升斜率分别为7.14、3.72和3.44 g/(m2·a)。2）研究时段内西南地区气候变化对植被NPP上升的影响整体强于人类活动。气候变化影响下,西南地区约45.18%的区域植被NPP呈显著和极显著上升趋势,而人类活动影响下,该占比仅为18.55%。地貌单元上,气候变化和人类活动影响下,四川盆地植被NPP呈极显著上升和显著上升的比例最高,分别为69.42%和50.75%。3）西南地区整体及各地貌单元植被NPP变化主要受温度类因子的主导,相对湿度和大气压强对西南地区植被生长整体具有抑制作用。4）耕地转化为城镇用地是植被NPP下降的重要原因,而非耕地转化为耕地和非林地转化为林地是植被NPP上升的重要原因。整体上,西南地区植被NPP与人口密度和夜间灯光呈不显著相关关系。地貌单元上,四川盆地植被NPP与人口密度和夜间灯光的相关性最高,即四川盆地植被生长受人为活动的影响强于其他地貌单元。研究结果可为区域植被生长监测、生态环境质量评价和林业生态工程效益评估提供理论依据。     

苔藓结皮及其下层土壤的胞外酶活性与微生物CUE特征

为进一步明确苔藓结皮对下层土壤养分的影响及微生物对养分的利用特征,以黄土丘陵区典型退耕地上发育的苔藓结皮及其下层土壤(0—2 cm,2—5 cm,10—20 cm)为研究对象,分析在剖面尺度下土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分状况、胞外酶活性以及微生物CUE特征。结果表明:苔藓结皮显著提高了表层土壤养分含量,结皮层的SOC,TN,TP,DOC,DON和Olsen-P含量分别是10—20 cm土壤养分的2.58,2.34,1.13,2.30,4.30,7.36倍。与养分含量特征一致,微生物生物量随土层深度的增加逐渐降低。在整个剖面尺度上,微生物群落存在较为稳定的元素内稳态以保持自身C,N,P的计量平衡。参与C,N,P循环的相关胞外酶活性在剖面尺度上表现出差异,β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)随深度增加逐渐降低,而β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和碱性磷酸酶(AP)则表现为先降低后增加的趋势,底层土壤较高的NAG和AP酶活性反映出N,P养分的匮乏。微生物CUE在剖面尺度上表现为先降低后增加的趋势,平均水平为0.25,表明表层与深层土壤更有助于C的固存。此外,方差分解(VPA)和线性模型结果均指出养分状况和土壤酶是影响微生物CUE的关键因素。总的来说,苔藓结皮对表层土壤的养分和微生物代谢产生积极作用,尽管底层土壤养分匮乏,但仍保持较高的微生物C利用效率。     

气候变化和人类活动对西南喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI变化相对作用

定量厘定气候变化和人类活动对西南喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI变化的相对作用,可为揭示喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI时空演变特征及其驱动机制提供依据。以MODIS NDVI、SRTM DEM、基于站点的气象数据为数据源,建立Theil-Sen Median斜率估计、残差分析、相对作用分析等多数学模型,分析了2001—2019年西南喀斯特地貌区气候变化和人类活动对植被NDVI变化的相对作用,揭示植被NDVI与降水、气温、相对湿度和日照时数的相关性。结果表明:研究时段内西南喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI总体上呈上升态势,植被NDVI变化趋势呈现明显的空间异质性,植被NDVI增加的区域面积远大于减少的区域面积; 研究区植被改善和植被退化均受人类活动的主导。研究时段内西南喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI与降水、气温以及相对湿度整体呈正相关,相关程度依次递减,与日照时数呈负相关。综上可知,研究时段内西南喀斯特地貌区植被覆盖呈改善态势,人类活动可被认为是影响西南喀斯特地貌区植被NDVI变化的主要驱动力,植被NDVI与降水、气温、相对湿度和日照时数的相关系数在空间上呈现明显的异质性。     

2000—2020年鄂尔多斯市植被NDVI变化格局及归因分析

处于农牧交错区的鄂尔多斯市生态系统较为敏感,为探究全球气候变化以及人类活动对鄂尔多斯市生态系统的影响,利用MOD13Q1 NDVI数据以及同期气象数据,分析了鄂尔多斯市2000—2020年植被NDVI变化特征,并利用偏相关分析法以及残差驱动力分析法对引起植被NDVI变化的气候和人为因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)21年来鄂尔多斯市植被NDVI总体呈现上升趋势,植被改善明显,全市68.66%的区域植被NDVI得到改善,西南部改善幅度小于东北部;(2)鄂尔多斯市植被NDVI与气候因子偏相关性存在明显的地区差异,植被NDVI与降水的偏相关性较高,降水与温度共同影响的区域约占总面积的2.27%;(3)鄂尔多斯市植被受到人类活动与气候的共同影响,21年来人类活动对鄂尔多斯市植被NDVI变化起到主导作用,其平均贡献率为82.67%,气候变化对植被NDVI生长的影响主要体现在降水因素上。人类对鄂尔多斯市的植被影响具有两面性,城市建设对植被的生长起到制约作用,生态工程的实施则有利于植被的生长;(4)2000—2020年鄂尔多斯市以NDVI表征的植被覆盖度的增加与人类活动密不可分,但是同时鄂尔多斯地区气候条件对植被生长有很大的限制作用,实施生态工程中要切实注意到气候变化所带来的影响,切不可盲目扩大生态工程,对于毛乌素沙地等地区植被需要实行人工保护,使其形成稳定生态系统。     

中华蟾蜍胚后嗅球神经元自发电活动的发育变化

[目的]探讨中华蟾蜍(Bufo bufo gargarizans)胚后嗅球神经元自发电活的电生理学特性的发育变化。[方法]应用微电极电生理技术,对中华蟾蜍胚后嗅球神经元的自发放电活动进行在体胞外记录。[结果]随着嗅球的发育,其神经元的放电形式逐渐增多,单个放电振幅逐渐增大,且在变态期达最大;连续放电振幅在胚后发育的中期变化不大,但高于发育的早期和成体期;连续簇状放电频率随着发育时期而降低,但在成体期再次升高,而连续单个放电频率只在成体期增大。[结论]随着嗅球的发育,神经元的兴奋性逐步提高,神经元电活动形式逐渐呈现多样化。