Environmental assessment of boreal rivers using fish data – a contribution to the Water Framework Directive

Abstract A fish‐based assessment method was developed to estimate the ecological status of boreal rivers. Electric fishing data were collected from 902 rapids, together with information on the land use, channel modification and water chemistry. Discriminant function analysis was used to select fish variables that most correctly classified the undisturbed reference sites and human impacted sites into exact classes. The relationship between the level of human alteration and fish metrics was examined. Five metrics were selected for the index: the number of fish species, proportion of sensitive species, proportion of tolerant species, density of cyprinid individuals and the density of age‐0+ salmonids. The value for each metric (between 0 and 1) was calculated according to a point estimate for classical probability. The index is used to estimate the ecological classification of rivers according to the EU Water Framework Directive.     

百里香精油的生物学功能及其在鸡生产中的应用

本文就百里香精油的生物学功能及其在鸡生产中的应用研究作一综述。     

榆紫叶甲无公害防治技术研究

根据榆紫叶甲的发生规律及生活习性,进行了榆紫叶甲无公害防治试验,结果表明：在成虫羽化始盛期,树干上喷绿色威雷200倍液,杀虫率达97.1%;在越冬成虫上树取食始盛期,用溴氰菊酯制成毒笔,每株树涂2个药环,杀虫率达95.9%;在榆紫叶甲卵孵化盛期,利用3%高渗苯氧威、25%灭幼尿3号悬浮剂、1.8%阿维菌素、20%菊杀乳油1 000～1 500倍液进行喷雾防治,杀虫率均在92.4%以上。     

病毒杀虫剂在我国无公害茶园防治中的应用现状与展望

茶叶作为一种食品，其安全问题受到越来越高的关注。病毒杀虫剂具有专一性强、安全性高、持效作用长、能有效地控制害虫种群密度等特点，成为生物防治的研究热点。现就病毒杀虫剂在我国无公害茶园中的应用现状进行综述，并展望未来发展趋势。     

GPIT生物制剂在露地番茄上的试验效果

为了验证GPIT生物制剂在露地番茄上的应用效果,以苗床喷灌、泥浆蘸根移栽、叶面喷施等方法在露地番茄上进行了试验。结果表明,在番茄成活率、产量因子、产量、品质和生物特性等方面,均出现了明显的变化,说明GPIT生物制剂对露地番茄产量的提高、品质的改善以及抗病、抗逆性的提高均有明显的效果。进一步证实,GPIT生物制剂在农业生产上的应用前景广阔。     

Weed populations and pathogens

Plant:pathogen systems are complex, highly spatial and fluctuate considerably. The dynamics of their individual populations depends on factors such as their patchiness, shapes and scales of dispersal distributions, genetic polymorphism and their responses to their biotic and abiotic environments. We review knowledge of these population properties in the context of weed management and biological control and discuss their likely influence on the population dynamics of pathogens.     

豚草条纹叶(虫甲)(鞘翅目:叶(虫甲)科)的寄主专一性测定

1987年从苏联、加拿大引进原产北美的豚草天敌—豚草条纹叶(虫甲),在室内用具有代表性的23科72种主要经济作物、粮食作物、观赏植物及与豚草近缘或形态上相似的植物,进行了食性测定。结果表明,豚草条纹叶(虫甲)食性专一,仅取食豚草,不取食其它任何供试植物,在我国可以安全利用。在饥饿条件下,一龄幼虫的耐饥能力为3.1天,雌、雄成虫的耐饥能力分别为14和10.2天。     

豚草条纹叶(虫甲)的生物学特性

豚草条纹叶(虫甲)在北京地区年发生3代,以成虫入土越冬。越冬成虫于4月底至5月上出土活动。1、2、3代成虫分别于6月中下、7月下至8月初和9上中旬羽化出土。在26±1℃恒温条件下,雌雄成虫的寿命为82.5和67.8天。产卵前期16.5天,产卵期49.1天,一生产卵394.5粒。成虫一般仅在产卵后第30天前后出现一次明显的产卵高峰。卵、幼虫、蛹的发育历期分别为5.0、13.9和12.9天,在保温条件下,卵的孵化率最高,达92％。幼虫和蛹的存活率在16±1℃、26±1℃恒温及20～27℃室温条件下,差异不明显,最高78％,最低66.7％。     

Growth of the mycoparasitic fungus Verticillium biguttatum from different geographical origins at near-minimum temperatures

Sclerotia ofRhizoctonia solani collected from potato tubers from different countries were assayed for the presence of mycoparasites. Among the mycoparasites observedVerticillium biguttatum predominated. Its geographical distribution was not restricted to certain latitudes or soil types;V. biguttatum occurred worldwide in potato fields.The minimum growth temperature of 57V. biguttatum isolates was found to be in the narrow range from 10 to 13°C, irrespective of their geographical origin. A non-linear logistic growth model was used to describe the radial growth onRhizoctonia mycelium and nutrient agar plates. At near-minimum temperature the maximum colony radii varied considerably; they were up to 3.8 times that of the reference isolate M73. Based on parameter values for logistic growth, fast-and slow-growing isolates could be distinguished. Although the growth properties ofV. biguttatum isolates from different locations varied, the presence of fast- and slow-growing isolates was not restricted to particular areas and both types could be found in the same field. However, bioassays with selected fast- and slow-growing isolates do not support the assumption that growth at near-minimum temperatures is a relevant criterion for screening isolates ofV. biguttatum in terms of effectiveness for biological control ofR. solani.     

柑桔“以螨治螨”生物防治技术研究

柑桔病虫害发生种类多，为害重，生产上喷药次数多，果品存在农药残留高，为了使我市柑桔达到无公害生产水平，减少化学农药使用量，提高柑桔品质，笔者通过释放捕食螨Amblyseius spp．建立捕食螨种群，同时结合使用生物农药和电子灭虫灯，以及白花草Ageratum conyzoides L．等栽培措施，达到了长期持续控制柑桔病虫发生的目的，而且减少我县柑桔生产的农药残留问题，降低生产成本，减少环境污染。