Toxicity of cultured puffer fish and seasonal variations in China

To confirm the toxicity or the tetrodotoxin (TTX) content of cultured puffer fish in China, 565 specimens of cultured puffer fish (Takifugu rubripes, Takifugu fasciatus or Takifugu obscurus, Takifugu flavidus and Takifugu bimaculatus) were collected from five provinces from November 2007 to November 2008. The toxicity of the skin, muscle, liver and testis/ovary was examined using methods based on a mouse assay for TTX. The results indicated that the skin, muscle, liver and testis of specimens were ‘non‐toxic’ in both of the mouse assays [<10 mouse unit (MU) g^?1 or 2.2 μg g^?1] from the viewpoint of food hygiene. However, TTX was detected from an ovary sample of the cultured T. rubripes collected from the Shandong province in March 2008, which was 125.43 MU g^?1 tissue. The average TTX contents in the muscle, liver and skin of T. rubripes from Hebei and Shandong provinces were the highest in May or July (1.31, 0.90 and 0.62 MU g^?1, respectively, in Hebei, and 1.57, 0.32 and 0.16 MU g^?1, respectively, in Shandong) and the lowest in January (<0.1 MU g^?1 or 0.02 μg g^?1). Thus, non‐toxic cultured puffer fish could be produced successfully in mainland China.     

暗纹东方鲀立体种养模式和单养模式的水质变化及养殖能效比较

为解决暗纹东方鲀单一品种的池塘养殖瓶颈问题,开发和建立多物种、多营养层次的生态立体种养池塘生态系统,本文研究了暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus,12000 ind.hm_^-2)、南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei,24 万尾.hm_^-2)和蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica Forsk)的立体种养模式与暗纹东方鲀传统单养模式(15000 ind.hm_^-2)的水质变化及养殖能效差异。结果显示,暗纹东方鲀立体种养模式和传统单养模式池塘水体的pH、TAN、NO₂-N和NO₃-N等水质指标总体较低、数值保持在较理想范围内,这些指标中除了7月8日立体种养模式的NO₃-N显著低于传统单养模式的,其他在两模式之间无显著性差异。立体种养模式的叶绿素a明显低于传统单养模式的。两模式的总氮均值范围分别为1.38-3.96 mg.L_^-1和1.04-3.20 mg.L_^-1,养殖中后期(7月24日-10月11日),立体种养模式的总氮高于传统单养模式。立体种养模式的总磷(TP)变化随养殖时间呈现缓慢平稳上升趋势(0.26-0.42 mg.L_^-1);而传统单养模式总磷数值在养殖中期较高、前期后期较低。除了5月6日监测COD数值相对较高外,其他监测的时间点两种养殖模式的COD数值相对较稳定,均值范围分别为6.79-10.24 mg.L_^-1和6.83-9.15 mg.L_^-1,两模式间均无显著性差异。TSS数值总体较高,特别是6月13日的水源、7月24日及8月19日的传统单养模式和9月15日的立体种养模式的TSS数值超过150 mg.L_^-1。各监测时间点的TSS数值在两种养殖模式之间无显著性差异。两种模式暗纹东方鲀的养殖均有利于池塘水体的pH、TAN、NO₂-N和NO₃-N的净化,对水体中总磷(TP)和TSS的影响不明显,但会造成水体中总氮(TN)和COD的升高。立体种养模式和传统单养模式的暗纹东方鲀生长没有显著性差异,放养密度(12000-15000 ind.hm_^-2)没有造成暗纹东方鲀生长的空间胁迫。除了立体种养模式的暗纹东方鲀的单位产量(3426.0 kg.hm_^-2)显著低于传统单养模式的(4055.7 kg.hm_^-2)外,立体种养和传统单养模式的暗纹东方鲀的出池规格(293.30 g.ind_^-1和297.53 g.ind_^-1)、成活率(97.38 %和94.60%)以及饵料系数(2.83和2.91)均无显著性差异。立体种养模式下套养的南美白对虾生长性能良好: 南美对虾产量3056.6 kg.hm_^-2,规格为22.48g.ind_^-1,存活率78.17 %,饲料系数为0.68,鱼虾叠加后的饲料系数总体为1.39。相对于暗纹东方鲀传统单养模式,立体种养模式在养殖尾水排放减少11.1%的前提下,每公顷增效102675元,每亩增效6845元。