超级增强子调控基因表达的生物学作用及其在哺乳动物中的应用前景

超级增强子是一类包含多个普通增强子的大簇，主要富集高密度的转录因子、辅助因子及增强子相关表观修饰位点。与普通增强子相比，超级增强子具有更高的转录激活能力，在细胞类型特异性发育、分化以及肿瘤的发展进程中发挥关键作用。研究超级增强子在基因转录过程中的作用机制，对于揭示哺乳动物表型性状的分子机理具有十分重要的生物学意义。本文概述了超级增强子的概念、特性及鉴定方法，总结了超级增强子发挥作用的主要机制，最后对超级增强子调控动物重要表型的研究进展进行综述，并且结合超级增强子在哺乳动物方面的最新研究进展，讨论了其在哺乳类动物中的应用前景，旨在为超级增强子在动物重要性状表型研究中提供参考。     

三角网格曲面环形刀五轴加工宽行距刀具路径生成方法

针对三角网格曲面五轴数控加工中普遍使用的截平面法加工行距较窄、加工效率较低的问题，提出一种可变行距的宽行加工刀具路径生成方法。首先，以三角网格数据重构为基础，提出一种基于KdTree网格区域划分的求交算法，实现了网格数据点的快速获取；然后，分析环形刀及三角网格曲面的几何特性，在无曲率干涉条件下提出通过改变侧倾角并优化前倾角使刀具有效切削半径最大化的方法，获得以加工行距最大化为优化目标的最佳刀具倾角组合；最后，结合三角网格曲面的特性建立一种环形刀刀具离散模型，并提出了相应的干涉检测与修正方法。仿真实验表明，在相同加工条件下，本文加工行距优化方法较现有方法明显增大了加工行距、提高了加工效率，而且所提出的刀具干涉与修正处理方法能有效避免局部刀底干涉及全局刀杆干涉现象的发生。     

The critical period for weed control in three corn (Zea mays L.) types

Knowledge of the crop-weed competition period is vital for designing effective weed management strategies in crop production systems. Field studies were conducted at the Agricultural Research Institute, Kahramanmaras, Turkey in 2013 and 2014 to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in three corn (Zea mays L.) types (field corn, popcorn, and sweet corn). A four parameter log-logistic model described the relationship between relative crop yield to both increasing duration of weed interference and length of weed-free periods. The relative yield of corn was influenced by duration of weed-infested or weed-free period, regardless of corn types. Increasing periods of weed interference significantly reduced corn yields in both years. In field corn, the CPWC ranged from 175 to 788 growing degree days (GDD) in 2013 which corresponded to V2–V12 growth stages, and 165–655 GDD (V1–V10 growth stages) in 2014 based on the 5% acceptable yield loss (AYL) level. In popcorn, the CPWC ranged from 92 to 615 GDD (VE–V10 growth stages) in 2013 and 110–678 GDD (V1–V10 growth stages) in 2014. In sweet corn, the CPWC ranged from 203 to 611 GDD in 2013 (V2–V10 growth stages) and 182–632 GDD (V2–V10 growth stages) in 2014. The practical implication of this study is that weed management should be initiated around V1 stage and maintained weed-free up to V12 stage in all corn types to prevent yield losses greater than 5%. These findings could help corn producers improve the cost effectiveness and efficacy of their weed management programs.     

富含多酚类植物RNA提取的研究进展

植物体内广泛存在多糖、多酚等次生代谢物,由于其易被氧化,且难以与核酸分离,导致了RNA提取困难。针对植物多酚类化合物的结构及生物学特性进行分析,将现有的RNA提取方法进行分类,并对它们的原理及优劣进行了论述与评价。     

人体大肠癌细胞内RNA病毒对NiH小鼠的感染实验

用人大肠癌细胞内分离提取的一种ＲＮＡ病毒颗粒，对３７４只ＮｉＨ小鼠进行了４代感染和遗传研究。实验结果均未出现明显的感染和遗传症状，表明这种ＲＮＡ病毒颗粒对ＮｉＨ小鼠的感染是无效的。     

HSP27和Annexin A2蛋白对PRRSV感染的影响

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）侵染Marc145过程中HSP27和Annexin A2蛋白可参与病毒粒子的组装过程,且HSP27可起到抑制侵染早期细胞凋亡,增加病毒复制时间的作用。本研究分别构建HSP27和Annexin A2下调的Marc145细胞系,经PRRSV感染后发现,与空白对照相比,两者子代病毒TCID50值有明显下降。这一结果为研究PRRSV侵染过程及HSP27和Annexin A2调控机制奠定了基础,也为疫苗的研制提供了新的思路。     

A comparison of two colorimetric assays,based upon Lowry and Bradford techniques,to estimate total protein in soil extracts

Soil extracts usually contain large quantities of dissolved humified organic material, typically reflected by high polyphenolic content. Since polyphenols seriously confound quantification of extracted protein, minimising this interference is important to ensure measurements are representative. Although the Bradford colorimetric assay is used routinely in soil science for rapid quantification protein in soil-extracts, it has several limitations. We therefore investigated an alternative colorimetric technique based on the Lowry assay (frequently used to measure protein and humic substances as distinct pools in microbial biofilms). The accuracies of both the Bradford assay and a modified Lowry microplate method were compared in factorial combination. Protein was quantified in soil-extracts (extracted with citrate), including standard additions of model protein (BSA) and polyphenol (Sigma H1675-2). Using the Lowry microplate assay described, no interfering effects of citrate were detected even with concentrations up to 5 times greater than are typically used to extract soil protein. Moreover, the Bradford assay was found to be highly susceptible to two simultaneous and confounding artefacts: 1) the colour development due to added protein was greatly inhibited by polyphenol concentration, and 2) substantial colour development was caused directly by the polyphenol addition. In contrast, the Lowry method enabled distinction between colour development from protein and non-protein origin, providing a more accurate quantitative analysis. These results suggest that the modified-Lowry method is a more suitable measure of extract protein (defined by standard equivalents) because it is less confounded by the high polyphenolic content which is so typical of soil extracts.     

基于高通量测序技术检测草地贪夜蛾病毒多样性

为探索草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda病毒的多样性,通过宏转录组和小RNA测序技术手段分析鉴定了自云南省采集的草地贪夜蛾田间自然种群携带的病毒类型。结果显示,宏转录组测序数据分析可比对得到14个病毒科,包括5个昆虫相关的病毒科,5个植物病毒科和4个细菌病毒科。昆虫相关的病毒分别属于杆状病毒科Baculoviridae、呼肠孤病毒科Reoviridae、分体RNA病毒科Partitiviridae、传染性软腐病病毒科Iflaviridae和弹状病毒科Rhabdoviridae,其中传染性软腐病病毒和分体RNA病毒为首次在草地贪夜蛾中报道。同时利用小RNA深度测序技术从草地贪夜蛾样品中检测到鳞翅目杆状病毒、分体RNA病毒和传染性软腐病病毒的序列,进一步验证了宏转录组的分析结果。表明利用高通量测序技术可初步揭示存在于草地贪夜蛾自然种群的昆虫病毒多样性。     

不同光源对草地贪夜蛾生殖行为的影响

为评价杀虫灯对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的非直接诱杀效应,在室内观察黑暗、紫色(365～375 nm)、蓝色(460～475 nm)和绿色(490～505 nm)弱光对草地贪夜蛾生殖行为的影响,分析不同光源处理对草地贪夜蛾求偶、交配和产卵行为的影响。结果表明,在第1个暗期内,紫色光源会显著延迟草地贪夜蛾雌成虫求偶开始时间和交配开始时间,而在之后的3个暗期中,紫色、蓝色和绿色光源下草地贪夜蛾雌成虫的交配高峰期较黑暗处理提前,产卵节律没有明显差异;在第1个暗期内,紫色、蓝色和绿色光源下草地贪夜蛾雌成虫的交配时间差异不显著,但在4个连续暗期下,黑暗处理下草地贪夜蛾雌成虫的累计交配时间显著高于其它3种光源处理;黑暗、蓝色和绿色光源下草地贪夜蛾雌成虫的初次交配时间主要集中在第1个暗期,分别占50.00%、50.00%和63.33%,而紫色光源下雌成虫初次交配时间主要集中在第2个暗期,占47.67%;黑暗、紫色、蓝色和绿色光源下草地贪夜蛾雌成虫的交配次数最高分别为5、3、2和3次,交配次数均以1次最多,显著多于其它交配次数;黑暗处理下,各暗期草地贪夜蛾雌成虫交配率之间差异不明显,而在蓝色、紫色和绿色光源下,各暗期之间存在显著差异。表明紫色、蓝色和绿色光源干扰能显著影响草地贪夜蛾的交配行为,其中紫光影响最明显。     

一种RNA病毒对人体大肠癌细胞超微结构的影响

通过对１００例人大肠癌细胞超微结构的观察，研究了癌细胞内一种直径约为３０ｎｍ的ＲＮＡ病毒颗粒对癌细胞结构的影响。结果表明：病毒颗粒大部分分布在胞浆中，只有少数颗粒聚集在线粒体内或被溶酶体吞噬；癌细胞内存在另一种直径为１５０～５００ｎｍ的特异性颗粒，开始是一种高电子密度的均质体，然后其结构逐步发生变化，最后整个颗粒内部形成很多与ＲＮＡ病毒颗粒大小相似的小颗粒而释放到胞浆中，只留下一个明显的大颗粒外壳。