复方中草药对闪光鲟生长及血液生化指标的影响

为促进鲟鱼无公害健康养殖,以闪光鲟[初始体质量(412±30.5)g]为对象,投喂添加4种复方中草药饲料,研究复方中草药对闪光鲟血液生理生化指标的影响。试验分为4个试验组(复方A-D组)和1个对照组,对照组饲料中不添加中草药,每组3个平行,每个平行10尾。试验组和对照组分别按照体质量的2.5%每天投喂添加复方中草药的饲料和全价基础饲料,连续投喂30 d。停饲24 h后,采集试验鱼血液,离心取血清测定生化指标。结果显示:试验鱼临床表现无异常,与对照组相比,复方A、B组闪光鲟增重率显著升高(P0.05),复方D组肝体比显著升高(P0.05);复方A组总蛋白含量增加较显著(P0.05),复方A、C、D组白蛋白含量与对照组相比显著增加(P0.05);与对照组相比,复方B、D组能显著降低血清中尿酸含量,复方D组能显著提高葡萄糖含量,复方C组能显著降低尿素氮含量(P0.05);复方B组谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶与对照组相比显著增高(P0.05),乳酸脱氢酶与对照组相比显著降低(P0.05);复方B、C、D组总胆红素与对照组相比显著降低(P0.05)。结果表明,饲料中添加复方中草药对闪光鲟机体内部分血液生理生化指标具有积极的改善作用,初步筛选出了对闪光鲟生长和生化指标有促进作用的复方中草药。     

Relative contributions from exposed inshore and estuarine nursery grounds to the recruitment of stone flounder, Platichthys bicoloratus, estimated using otolith Sr:Ca ratios

In Sendai Bay, stone flounder larvae settle and spend their juvenile period in either shallow exposed inshore nursery grounds or estuarine nursery grounds. The purpose of this study is to examine the relative contributions of these two kinds of nursery grounds to the flounder population using otolith strontium:calcium ratios. Stone flounder juveniles were collected from both nursery grounds, and one- and two-year-old flounder were caught deeper in Sendai Bay. Sr and Ca content in the otoliths were measured by electron probe micro analysis. The Sr:Ca ratios in the otolith section corresponding to the early postsettlement period ranged from 3.06 to 3.85 for the exposed inshore areas with stable low temperature and high salinity conditions, and from 3.81 to 5.32 in brackish estuaries with high temperature and low salinity conditions but with large diel and tidal cyclical fluctuations. Values from an estuarine site with stable salinity ranged from 3.58 to 4.15 overlapping with both the above ranges. Rearing experiments supported our inference that the high otolith Sr:Ca ratios of juveniles inhabiting estuarine nursery grounds are attributable to higher temperature and physiological stress caused by the large diel temperature and salinity fluctuations within the estuaries. Estimation of the Sr:Ca ratio of recruited fish using the otolith section formed while in the nursery area showed that at least 20 out of 42 individuals examined originated from estuarine nursery grounds. The present study indicates that estuaries play an important role as nursery grounds for stone flounder, producing about half of the stock in spite of the small and restricted area compared with the wide expanse of the exposed inshore area.     

敌百虫和硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂对星斑川鲽的急性毒性

[目的]探讨敌百虫和硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂2种防治药物对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)的安全用量范围。[方法]在水温15～17℃、盐度3.0%～3.2%的条件下,分别测定了敌百虫、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂对体长18～21 cm、平均体重194.1 g的星斑川鲽的急性毒性。[结果]敌百虫对星斑川鲽24、48 h的LC50分别为3.63和3.31 mg/L,安全浓度为0.83 mg/L;硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂对星斑川鲽24、48 h的LC50分别为9.55和6.92 mg/L,安全浓度为1.09 mg/L。根据安全浓度判断,星斑川鲽对2种药物的敏感性为:敌百虫硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂。[结论]在星斑川鲽疾病防治过程中应慎用或者降低浓度使用敌百虫或硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂。     

星突江鲽卵巢中常量及微量元素分析

本文对星突江鲽卵巢中常量及微量元素含量进行了分析.结果表明:常量元素由高到低排列为:K(11712.50±2789.19 ug/g)>P(5597.0±1992.59 ug/g)>Na(5196.20±1068.30 ug/g)>Mg(1064.20±174.16 ug/g)>Ca(751.22±69.43 ug/g);微量元素由高到低的排列为:Fe(712.0±148.49 ug/g)>Mn(172.0±35.16 ug/g)>Zn(80.0.±35.24 ug/g)>Cu(10.0±2.14ug/g)>Mo(4.78±0.53 ug/g)>Cr(1.68±0.51 ug/g)>As(1.0±0.01 ug/g)>Ge(0.90±0.13 ug/g)>Co.比较发现:星突江鲽卵巢中Fe、K、Mn、Cu的含量均远高于七种鱼卵、牛肉和鸡蛋,其中Mn含量高出近百倍.     

星突江鲽的形态特征及内部结构研究

通过观察、测量、解剖、数据的整理和分析，对120尾全长11-43cm，体质量0．02～2．49kg的养殖星突江鲽（Platichthys stellatus Pallas）外部形态、可量可比性状、可数性状和内部结构进行了研究。外部形态包括口、鼻、眼、鳍条、侧线和鳞片的特征；可量可比性状包括全长／体长（T1/S1）、体长／体高（S1/Bd）、体长／头长（S1/M1）、头长／吻长（H1/P1）、尾柄长／尾柄高（C1/Cd）、体长／尾柄长（S1/C1）、头长／眼间距（H1/Ei）、头长／眼径（H1/Ed）比值及其相关方程；可数性状包括背鳍鳍条、尾鳍鳍条、臀鳍鳍条、腹鳍鳍条、胸鳍鳍条、侧线鳞、侧线上鳞、侧线下鳞、牙齿、幽门盲囊、上鳃耙、脊椎骨；内部结构主要包括消化系统的组成和解剖位置。结果表明：（1）外部形态的明显特征在于：背鳍、臀鳍、尾鳍有黑色和黄色相间的条纹；多角星状鳞片，有刺状突起。（2）全长／体长变动范围最小，雌雄差异最小，其线性相关性最好，全长与体长相关方程为S1=0．8771 T1-0．1589（R^2=0．9822）；头长／吻长、头长／眼径不仅变动最大，而且其线性相关性最差，雌雄的差异也最大；星突江鲽体长与体质量关系为：W=0．0168S1^3.199，R^2=0．9797：雄性：W=0．0274S1^2.9721，R^2=0．993；雌性：W=0．0134S1^4.3008，R^2=0．9822（W代表体质量，kg：S1代表体长，cm）。（3）星突江鲽腹鳍鳍条与幽门盲囊最稳定；侧线鳞和牙齿变动最大。（4）牙尖锐，圆锥形；胃大，呈“I”型，肠粗短；1-2枚幽门盲囊。通过比较发现：星突江鲽的外部形态、可量可比性状和内部结构特征均与石鲽相近：星突江鲽与6种比目鱼相比，可数性状指标的数目多较少。     

Predator–prey size relationship in siphon cropping between the juvenile stone flounder Platichthys bicoloratus and the bivalve Nuttallia olivacea

ABSTRACT:   The purpose of the present paper was to examine the size relationship between the juvenile stone flounder Platichthys bicoloratus and the bivalve Nuttallia olivacea , the siphon of which is important prey for the juvenile flounder. Juvenile stone flounder feed mainly on tips of the inhalant siphon of the bivalve. The maximum width of siphon tips in the stomach contents of age-0 fish could not reach that of age-1 fish, although the siphons in age-0 fish became larger as they grew. This size discrepancy indicated a limitation in the size of bivalves available to juveniles. The proportion of total cropping frequency for the siphon of the bivalve by juveniles was estimated according to the bivalve size class. Most bivalves that had cropped siphon tips ranged from 5 to 30 mm in shell length. The total cropping frequency per bivalve was particularly intense on bivalves of 10–25 mm shell length in spite of their small proportion of 24.9% of the total. This frequency intensity indicated that the size of bivalves with cropped siphons by juvenile stone flounder might depend on the ability of juveniles rather than the size composition of the bivalves.     

Feeding habits of stone flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platichthys bicoloratus</Emphasis> larvae in Mutsu Bay,Japan

To clarify the feeding strategy of pelagic larvae of stone flounder in Mutsu Bay, the dietary composition and pray size was investigated from February to April during 1989–1999. Diets were compared with the numerical and volumetric compositions and frequency of occurrence of each prey species. Mensuration formulae were applied to estimate individual prey volume in the diet, while the length of planktonic species was measured from net and water samples. Prey shapes were assumed as sphere, cylinder, ellipsoid, pyramid, two elliptical cones, or a combination of ellipsoid and cylinder. Prey-size range increased as the larvae grew. Preflexion larvae fed mainly on copepod nauplii. Flexion and postflexion larvae ingested primarily appendicularians, with a suggestion that these larvae might depend on some parts of the microbial food web. Low frequencies of flexion and postflexion larvae with empty guts (1.7 and 1.4%, respectively) might be derived from feeding on slow-swimming appendicularians. From a size comparison between ‘house’-like organ length and trunk length of the appendicularian Oikopleura sp., almost all house-like organs with trunks in the larval diet were nonexpanded ‘house rudiments’, not expanded ‘houses’. Thus, stone flounder larvae may not chew the houses, but swallow the house rudiments with trunks.     

四种引进鲟幼鱼的培育及生长特性

为了丰富鲟鱼养殖种类,特引进了闪光鲟（Acipenser stellatus）、欧鳇（Huso huso）、西伯利亚鲟（Acipenserbaerii）和杂交鲟（西伯利亚鲟♂×俄罗斯鲟A.gueldenstaeti♀）受精卵,在直径2m的玻璃钢池中进行驯养和流水养殖,水温16-22℃,溶氧5-7mg·L-1。定期测定了上述4种鲟鱼的体长和体质量,应用计算机软件Excel和SPSS对测量的数据进行处理分析。结果表明：孵出的闪光鲟、欧鳇、西伯利亚鲟和杂交鲟鱼苗平均体质量分别为0.01349g、0.02818g、0.02016g,及0.02416g,经过60d驯化养殖,平均体质量分别达到3.80g、11.22g、7.85g,及4.19g;平均体长分别达10.61cm、13.37cm、12.98cm,及9.78cm。全长与日龄之间均呈线性关系,且R2〉0.9,全长日均增长量的大小顺序为：欧鳇〉西伯利亚鲟〉闪光鲟〉杂交鲟;体质量均与日龄呈指数函数关系,且R2〉0.9,体质量日均增长量大小顺序为：欧鳇〉西伯利亚鲟〉杂交鲟〉闪光鲟;体质量与全长的回归曲线中b〈3,均呈异速生长;肥满度分别变动在0.67～0.30、0.86～0.47、0.58～0.35,及0.71～0.44之间,均呈逐渐降低的趋势,且各个时期欧鳇肥满度最高;驯化期结束后30～40日龄生长离散最明显。     

饲料中DHA/EPA值对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血清生理指标的影响

为研究饲料DHA/EPA值对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成和血液生理指标的影响,实验配制等氮、等能的5种不同DHA/EPA值(0.64、0.97、1.18、1.59和1.91)的饲料,每个比值设3个重复,饲养周期56 d。结果显示:(1)随着饲料DHA/EPA值的升高,星斑川鲽幼鱼增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率均呈先上升后下降的趋势(P0.05)。当饲料DHA/EPA值为0.97~1.59时实验鱼增重最快,饲料效率最高。蛋白质效率则在DHA/EPA值为0.97~1.18时达到最高。蛋白质沉积率(protein retention efficiency,PRE)与饲料DHA/EPA值呈显著二次回归关系(y=-1.589 5x2+2.858 3x+45.184;R2=0.910 8,x=饲料DHA/EPA值,y=PRE),当饲料DHA/EPA值大于0.90时呈下降趋势。肝体比呈先下降后小幅回升的趋势(P0.05),在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.18时达到最低,为2.85%,脾脏指数呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),于饲料DHA/EPA值为1.59组最高(0.12%);(2)肝脏粗脂肪含量随饲料DHA/EPA值的增加呈明显下降趋势(P0.05),且在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.18时降到最低,为8.60%,而后又显著上升,但仍显著低于饲料DHA/EPA值为0.64时的水平(13.44%)。二次回归分析(y=5.199 6x2-15.652x+20.866;R2=0.634 8,x=饲料DHA/EPA值,y=肝脏脂肪含量)显示,当饲料中DHA/EPA值为1.51时肝脏脂肪含量最低。脂肪酸分析结果显示,随着饲料DHA/EPA值的升高,肝脏及肌肉中EPA含量均呈线性下降趋势(P0.05),而DHA含量及DHA/EPA均呈直线上升趋势(P0.05)。肝脏和肌肉组织n-3 HUFA总量不受饲料处理的影响(P0.05);(3)血清总蛋白、球蛋白含量在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.59时显著高于其他各组(P0.05),白蛋白在饲料DHA/EPA值为0.64、0.97和1.59水平最高。溶菌酶(LSZ)活性在饲料DHA/EPA值为1.18时达到峰值(P0.05),为2.76μg/mL。谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性在饲料DHA/EPA值1.91时无显著变化,而当饲料DHA/EPA1.18时,血清谷草转氨酶(AST)活性提高了65%左右。研究表明,在本实验条件下,以增重率为参考指标,采用二次回归(y=-31.066x2+77.26x+76.541;R2=0.957 4,x=饲料DHA/EPA值,y=增重率)分析可得,当饲料脂肪水平为8.3%,n-3 HUFA含量为0.74%时,星斑川鲽幼鱼[初始体质量(31.70±0.12)g]对DHA/EPA值的最适需要量应为1.24。     

投喂频率对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长和体组成影响的初步研究

研究了不同投喂频率1次/d、2次/d(周日不投)、2次/d和3次/d对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、摄食率、饲料利用情况和全鱼及其组织组成的影响。结果表明:随着投喂频率的增加,星斑川鲽幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率和摄食率显著升高,2次/d(周日不投)组增重率和特定生长率显著高于1次/d组(P<0.05),但与2次/d和3次/d组无显著性差异(P>0.05);2次/d(周日不投)组饲料转化率和蛋白质效率稍高于2次/d和3次/d组,但各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);全鱼水分和粗蛋白含量不受投喂频率的显著影响(P>0.05),全鱼粗脂肪含量2次/d(周日不投)组显著低于2次/d组(P<0.05),全鱼灰分含量1次/d组显著高于2次/d(周日不投)组和3次/d组(P<0.05),其余各组差异不显著(P>0.05);肌肉水分含量随投喂频率增加而显著降低(P<0.05),肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量与水分含量呈负相关,肌肉灰分含量1次/d组显著高于2次/d组(P<0.05),其余各组无显著性差异(P>0.05);肝脏水分和粗脂肪含量各组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),肝脏粗蛋白含量1次/d组显著低于其余各组(P<0.05),其余各组之间...