Evaluation of partial substitution of live algae with dried Tetraselmis for larval rearing of black-lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.)

Experiments were conducted with larvae of theblack-lip pearl oyster, Pinctadamargaritifera fed on a regime of living algae(an equal mixture of Tahitian Isochrysisaff. galbana and Pavlova salina)either partially or completely substituted withheterotrophically grown spray-dried algae (Tetraselmis suecica). Two experiments wereconducted; in the first, 1-day old larvae werecultured for 13 days and, in the second, 13days old larvae were culture for 7 days. Inboth experiments larvae were fed the followingproportions of live algae (LA) and dried Tetraselmis (DT); (1) 100% LA, (2) 75% LA +25% DT, (3) 50% LA + 50% DT, (4) 25% LA +75% DT; and (5) 100% DT. The optimal dietsfor maximum larval growth were 100% LA and75% LA + 25% DT resulting in larvae with amean shell length (SL) of 132 ± 3.8 and 131± 2.7 µm, respectively, at day 13. Thisshowed that 25% substitution of livemicro-algae with DT is possible withoutaffecting growth of P. margaritiferalarvae of less than 150 µm SL. There was nosignificant difference in survival of P.margaritifera larvae fed 100% LA, 75% LA +25% DT and 50% LA + 50% DT over a period of13 days. Highest survival (43.7%) occurred inlarvae fed 100% DT while lowest (approximately18%) occurred in controls (50% livemicro-algae and unfed) during the firstexperiment. The result of the second experimentindicated that with increasing size, larvae arecapable of accepting a higher proportion ofdried Tetraselmis in their diet. Therewere no significant differences in larvalgrowth or survival, between treatments where LAwas partially and completely substituted dietswith DT.     

Towards development of large-scale hatchery cultivation of larvae and spat of the pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica in Mexico

The results of a series of pilot-scale runs with P. mazatlanica larvae from 2004 through 2006 are reported. Preliminary runs in 2004 and 2005 used broodstock collected in summer, when massive spawning of wild populations naturally occurs. However, results of larval development were very poor and failed to produce spat in both years. In 2006, ripe broodstock were still collected in summer, but also in the spring time, based on the hypothesis that the gonads in this season were in better reproductive condition that in summer. Three larval runs were conducted in 2006: two in spring and one in summer. Larvae growth and survival greatly increased in both spring runs, ending with two successful productions of spat (∼ 20 × 10³ and ∼ 100 × 10³ juveniles). The summer larval run in 2006 failed again to produce spat. Additionally, the first run of April 2006 refers to an experiment that evaluated two different larval culture conditions: constant temperature (27 °C) and low stocking density (3-4 larvae ml^− 1) versus variable temperature (24-28 °C) and high stocking density (8-9 larvae ml^− 1). The first trial significantly increased larval survival and growth, which in turn resulted in greater numbers of settled spat, in comparison of the second trial, where survival, growth, and settlement of spat were significantly lower. Also in 2006, the quality of seawater used at the hatchery was evaluated with microbiological and chemical tests. The implication of these tests, together with results from all experiments are analyzed and discussed in terms of the potential development of large-scale hatchery cultivation of P. mazatlanica larvae in Mexico.     

Natural hybridization between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada fucata</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada maculata</Emphasis> inferred from internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal RNA genes

ABSTRACT:   Genetic evidence of the occurrence of natural hybridization between female Pinctada fucata and male Pinctada maculata among wild pearl oysters ( n  = 20) collected for use as the mother shell for private pearl farming in the Oshima Strait at Amami-o-shima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, were obtained. A polymerase chain reaction-based species identification method for Pinctada was developed using polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. This method enabled the amplification of the ITS regions using a primer set specific for P. maculata and P. fucata . However, 10 of 20 individuals morphologically identified as P. fucata had sequences specific to both P. maculata and P. fucata in the ITS region. These putative hybrids showed sequences of a maternally inherited mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, identical to that of P. fucata . Shells of the putative hybrids were difficult to discriminate from those of P. fucata exhibiting similar taxonomic traits. Moreover, the hybrids exhibited slower growth than P. fucata but faster growth than P. maculata .     

Reproductive condition of the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata, Röding, in Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia

In an investigation of the potential for pearl production in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, changes in the physical and reproductive condition of the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata, were monitored for over 2 years. Using wild oysters gathered from close to the southern extent of the species' range in Port Stephens, NSW, a series of macroscopic and histological observations were made. Reproductive activity in P. imbricata was greatest from late spring to early autumn with oysters in poor reproductive condition during winter. Peaks in reproductive indices occurred in November 1998, March 1999, December 1999 and April 2000. Four indices of physiological condition were used: shell growth, byssal attachment, mantle thickness and mucoprotien layer. With the exception of the thickness and extent of the mucoprotein layer, these indices either showed little variation or the variation that occurred was not related to seasonal or reproductive changes. Changes in the mucoprotein layer were correlated with water temperature and suggest that this layer is metabolized during periods of high demand such as during gonadogenesis. Collectors deployed at two sites in Port Stephens demonstrated that spatfall occurs largely in the months of December and January following the spring and early summer peaks in reproductive activity (November 1998 and December 1999). Spatfall was not observed following the autumnal peaks (March 1999 and April 2000) in reproductive activity. Overall, reproductive patterns in P. imbricata are poorly suited to spat supply in Port Stephens. Farmers require spat in early spring (September) to allow maximum use of the ‘growing’ season (September–May). Reproductively capable oysters are not available from the wild until September and quantity of natural spatfall is too variable and occurs too late in the season (December–January). As a result, oysters are being conditioned in the hatchery in July, spawned in August and spat are supplied to farmers in mid September.     

合浦珠母贝3个养殖群体的RAPD分析

利用RAPD标记技术检测了广西省北海市、海南省三亚市、广东省深圳市等 3个地理种群养殖合浦珠母贝(Pinctadamartensii)基因组DNA的多态性 ,并对其遗传结构进行了初步分析。从 4 0个随机引物中筛选出 13个10bp引物 ,它们在 3种群中共扩增出了 14 0条DNA片段 ,3种群共有片段 16条 ,DNA片段数分别为 5 8、91和 71条 ,多态性位点比例分别为 4 1 4 % ,6 5 0 %和 5 8 4 %。遗传距离分析表明 ,广西种群与广东种群的亲缘关系较近 ,而与海南种群亲缘关系较远。 13个引物中 ,引物S11和S3 58扩增出的 3种群指纹图谱差异显著 ,可作为 3种群鉴定的分子标记。     

合浦珠母贝家系遗传多样性与性状相关性

采用8对微卫星引物对合浦珠母贝12个家系的遗传多样与性状的相关性进行分析,结果显示,平均等位基因数(Ao)、平均有效等位基因数(Ae)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均期望杂合度(He)和平均多态信息含量(PIC)等遗传参数与性状的表型参数总体上呈凸形曲线关系,表明中等遗传参数的家系性状表型普遍较好.但总体上,生长较快的家系,各遗传参数平均较大.     

大珠母贝组织蛋白酶D的cDNA克隆、序列特征分析及应激表达研究

通过同源克隆方法和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),获得了大珠母贝(Pinctada maxima)组织蛋白酶D基因(命名为pmCTSD)的cDNA全长序列1 742 bp,其中5'非翻译区(UTR)38 bp,3'UTR 534 bp,开放阅读框1 170 bp,编码390个氨基酸,分子量约为41.9 ku,等电...     

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SMALL-SCALE BLACK-LIPPED PEARL OYSTER (PINCTADA MARGARETIFERA) PEARL FARMING IN THE CENTRAL PACIFIC

ABSTRACT

This work provides an analysis of the economic feasibility of one of many small-scale aquaculture operations being considered, black pearl oyster farms, as one type of supplemental economic activity for outer island communities in the Central Pacific. Specifically, projections of financial performance of a small-scale 25,000 seeded pearl oyster farm using the Tahitian long-line method are being conducted. Estimates of initial capital investment and annual operating costs are being formulated, an annual cash flow and enterprise budget are being developed. Results show that initial capital investment is $202,076. Annual operating expenses are $293,726 during full operation. The largest costs contributing to annual operating expenses are seeding (46%), labor including farm owner's opportunity cost (24%), and depreciation (9%). The base model presented in this work suggests profitability over a 20-year horizon.

Net returns over a 20-year farm horizon based on an 8% discount rate indicate a positive NPV of $ 102945. Sensitivity analysis on profit due to the variability of market price, survival, and cost of seed and other inputs are conducted and results presented.     

Feeding the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera during reproductive conditioning

This study aimed to model the food intake of P. margaritifera to examine the relationship between food level and reproductive activity. The effect of microalgae concentration on ingestion rate and assimilation efficiency was studied over a broad concentration range, using a mixture of Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros gracilis. Reproductive effort was assessed using three microalgae concentrations of 0.5, 7 and 18 cell μL^?1. Reproductive status was assessed by gonad development index (GDI) – the ratio of the gonad surface to the visceral mass surface – and histological analysis of the gonad based on the presence (continuous or discontinuous) or the absence of gonial cells (GC). Ingestion is a saturating function of seston concentration for bivalves modelled with an adapted Michaelis‐Menten function. The maximum ingestion rate of P. margaritifera adults was 193.50 × 10⁶ cell h^?1 g^?1 dw and the half saturation coefficient was 15 cell μL^?1. The concentration of 18 cell μL^?1, supplied for 45 days, induced a significantly higher GDI than the other treatments. GC decreased significantly and even stopped when pearl oysters were under‐fed, suggesting that the mitotic process of the germinal stem cells was altered. Differentiation of germinal stem cells therefore appears to be controlled by food availability.     

马氏珠母贝脂肪酸和醚溶性成分的GC-MS分析

马氏珠母贝是目前中国用于海水珍珠生产的主要贝类。为了更好地开发利用马氏珠母贝贝肉,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,对未插核和插核马氏珠母贝的贝肉脂肪酸和醚溶性成分进行了成分分析。结果显示:未插核贝和插核贝的脂肪酸的种类没有差异,都从中鉴定出了13种脂肪酸,但各种脂肪酸的含量存在差别,未插核贝的SFA、MUFA和PUFA的含量分别为:34.51%、14.31%和31.26%,插核贝中SFA、MUFA和PUFA的含量分别为:28.88%、8.47%和34.11%;在未插核贝的醚溶性成分中鉴定了38个化合物,在插核贝的醚溶性成分中鉴定了37个化合物,在未插核贝中发现了角鲨烯的存在,相对百分含量为5.22%。鉴于脂肪酸中高含量的不饱和脂肪酸以及醚溶性成分中的活性物质的存在,马氏珠母贝贝肉有很高的开发利用价值。