我国甜菜夜蛾发生为害特点及治理措施

甜菜夜蛾在我国原本是一种间歇性暴发为害的农业植物害虫,近年来已演变成大部分地区蔬菜和棉花等作物上常发性害虫。甜菜夜蛾在我国广大地区发生为害呈现出明显的为害程度加重、为害区域扩大、南方为害世代多于北方、南方为害时期早于北方的特点。为害种群呈现出明显的接力棒式关系,表现出典型的迁飞为害特征。根据这一特点,提出了加强甜菜夜蛾迁飞虫源监测、建立异地预测预报技术,集成以生态调控和生物防治为主的多种防治措施相协调的综合防治技术体系,并在全国范围内建立核心示范区,推广、带动、辐射周边地区统防统治,从而实现对甜菜夜蛾的可持续治理。     

寒地迅驰辣椒越冬长季栽培

研究寒地日光温室辣椒越冬长季栽培技术,包括品种选择、嫁接、播种育苗、定植、定植后管理、采收及病虫害防治等关键技术。     

杂交狼尾草种茎越冬繁殖技术研究

[目的]探讨杂交狼尾草的越冬保存及越冬方式对生长发育的影响。[方法]以一年生杂交狼尾草的根茎为试料,采用3种越冬方式(露地留茬、种茎坑埋、种茎带根地窖储藏),观察杂交狼尾草越冬效果和生长发育情况,研究了杂交狼尾草根茎越冬繁殖特性及不同越冬方式对其生产性能的影响。[结果]杂交狼尾草根茎越冬适宜采用坑埋或地窖储藏方式,成活率分别为89.60%±1.790%、76.9%±1.69%,二者差异不显著(P>0.05);种茎带根地窖储藏育苗成活率为79.40%±2.25%,极显著高于种茎坑埋(P<0.01);种茎带根和不带根成活苗移栽大田后,刈割次数均为4次,但2种苗的分蘖数、产量差异显著(P<0.05)。[结论]该研究为杂交狼尾草的越冬保存提供了科学依据。     

梨小食心虫越冬位置对其幼虫存活的影响

为探明果园中越冬位置对梨小食心虫越冬幼虫存活的影响,在山东省选取6个果园(彩石、泰安、肥城1、肥城2、广饶、莱芜)进行系统调查,室内观察梨小食心虫幼虫存活情况,比较不同越冬位置梨小食心虫的越冬存活率。结果发现:同一果园中,东、南、西、北四个方位间梨小食心虫越冬幼虫存活率存在显著差异,西面显著高于其他方位,广饶果园阴、阳面间存在差异,其余果园没有差异;树干低部梨小食心虫越冬幼虫存活率最高,枝干、主枝、侧枝间无差异;不同果园间梨小食心虫越冬存活率差异较大。     

甘肃省小麦条锈菌的潜育越冬研究

为系统了解小麦条锈菌在甘肃冬小麦种植区的越冬情况,2011-2013年采用冬前田间定点标记、冬后移栽至温室系统观察和条锈菌实时荧光定量PCR检测等方法,分析了甘肃省天水市秦州区、陇南市礼县和平凉市庄浪县小麦条锈病的越冬株率和越冬菌源量。结果表明,小麦条锈菌在天水、陇南和平凉地区均能顺利越冬,但三地间的越冬株率和越冬菌源量均存在着显著差异(P0.05);实时荧光定量PCR方法较直接观察法更为准确,可以用于小麦条锈菌的早期准确监测。     

高寒牧区苜蓿盖土越冬能力试验

为了探索苜蓿品种在海拔2700 m高寒牧区盖土越冬能力,开展了8个品种比较试验,结果表明:入冬时盖土5-10cm,来年成活率12.61%-42.29%,没有盖土(CK)成活率为0。种植第1年不能进入开花期,株高24.52cm-31.03cm,鲜草产量1875.2kg·hm-2-4156.4kg·hm-2;盖土越冬成活的苜蓿能进入开花期,株高46.87 cm-69.99 cm,鲜草产量6 101 kg·hm-2-20536 kg·hm-2,干草产量1082 kg·hm-2-5348 kg·hm-2,品种间差异极显著(P0.01),其中德福32IQ、皇后和阿尔冈金3个品种表现突出。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from cattle-impacted pasture soil amended with nitrate and glucose

There is little information concerning N₂O fluxes in the pasture soil that has received large amounts of nutrients, such as urine and dung, for several years. The aims of this study were to (1) experimentally quantify the relationship between mineral N input and N₂O emissions from denitrification, (2) describe the time course of N₂O fluxes resulting in N inputs, and (3) find whether there exists an upper limit of the amount of nitrogen escaping the soil in the form of N₂O. The study site was a grassland used as a cattle overwintering area. It was amended with KNO₃ and glucose corresponding to 10–1,500 kg N and C per hectare, covering the range of nutrient inputs occurring in real field conditions. Using manual permanent chambers, N₂O fluxes from the soil were monitored for several days after the amendments. The peak N₂O emissions were up to 94 mg N₂O–N m⁻² h⁻¹, 5–8 h after amendment. No upper limit of N₂O emissions was detected as the emissions were directly related to the dose of nutrients in the whole range of amendments used, but the fluxes reflected the soil and environmental conditions, too. Thus, in three different experiments performed during the season, the total cumulative losses of N₂O–N ranged from 0.2 to 5.6% of the applied 500kg ha⁻¹. Splitting of high nutrient doses lowered the rate of N₂O fluxes after the first amendment, but the effect of splitting on the total amount of N₂O–N released from the soil was insignificant, as the initial lower values of emissions in the split variants were compensated for by a longer duration of gas fluxes. The results suggest that the cattle-impacted soil has the potential to metabolize large inputs of mineral nitrogen over short periods (∼days). Also, the emission factors for did not exceed values reported in literature.     

肚倍蚜越冬世代若蚜抗逆性研究

人工培养肚倍蚜越冬世代初期，由于若蚜的抗逆能力很差，生产中常常造成９０％以上的死亡率。笔者对若蚜的有关生物学和生态学进行了研究。结果表明若蚜胎生出后２ｄ内，４ｈ直射光可导致全部死亡；接触到水珠或水膜后，若蚜不能脱水的表面张力，因体壁吸水而胀。     

2009 West Nile disease epidemic in Italy: first evidence of overwintering in Western Europe?

For the second consecutive year a West Nile disease (WND) epidemic has affected Italy causing disease in horses and humans. The infection re-occurred in the same places of the 2008 and moved westerly and southerly involving new areas and regions. The whole genome sequence of the Italian 2009 West Nile disease isolate (WNDV) was compared with those responsible for the 2008 WND outbreaks. The epidemiological findings of the two years of epidemic were compared as well. The high identity between 2008 and 2009 WNV strains (>99%), the earlier virus circulation in 2009 and the re-occurrence of the disease starting from the bordering infected areas reached by the infection in the previous year, strongly support the hypothesis of the overwintering of the virus and the endemisation to local host populations.     

火烧清除枯草对人工草地的影响(1990年)

本试验探索了江西丘陵岗地草场上火烧对3种禾本科牧草越冬率、春季分蘖及生长、牧草产量及草场杂草盖度的影响,并对冬烧与春烧2个不同时期进行了比较,为生产上利用火烧清除草地枯草层提供了参考.