干旱胁迫下三叶草渗透调节物质动态及与叶片水分的相关性

以黑龙江野生白三叶、瑞文德、普通红三叶和杂三叶为研究对象,通过盆栽控水形成5个干旱梯度,测定土壤相对含水量、叶片相对含水量、水势、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量的变化.结果表明:随着土壤干旱时间的延长,三叶草叶片游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量都呈明显增加趋势,并且品种间表现不同.从渗透调节物质与叶片水分的相关分析上看,三种物质与叶片水势、叶片相对含水量都呈负相关.游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质三种物质在水分胁迫时的渗透调节作用是协同的,各物质之间在处理的整个进程中都表现出正相关关系.     

不同土壤水分条件下硅对紫花苜蓿生理特性及品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下硅对紫花苜蓿生理特性及品质的影响.结果表明:土壤含水量为饱和含水量的80%和35%时,外源性硅对紫花苜蓿地上生物量没有显著影响,而土壤含水量为饱和含水量的50%和65%时,外源性硅显著增加了紫花苜蓿地上生物量;土壤含水量为饱和含水量的80%时外源性硅对紫花苜蓿叶片SOD活性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量没有显著影响,土壤含水量为饱和含水量的65%时外源性硅显著降低了紫花苜蓿叶片SOD活性,而对丙二醛和脯氨酸含量没有影响,土壤含水量小于或等于饱和含水量50%时外源性硅显著降低了紫花苜蓿茎叶SOD活性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量(P＜0.05);添加硅对紫花苜蓿茎叶比、粗纤维、粗蛋白质和类胡萝卜素含量没有显著影响.说明添加外源性硅提高了紫花苜蓿遭受水分亏缺胁迫时的抗氧化能力,减轻了水分亏缺对紫花苜蓿的伤害程度,但对紫花苜蓿牧草品质影响不大.     

植物渗透调节的研究进展

介绍了渗透调节的过程,并从植物信号转导、渗透调节物质、水通道蛋白等方面对植物渗透调节研究进展进行了探讨。     

Physiological responses during stress and subsequent recovery at different salinities in adult pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis

Mortality and physiological responses (plasma cortisol, glucose, osmolality, ions Na⁺ and Cl⁻ and hematocrit values) were examined in adult pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis subjected to transport or crowding and subsequent recovery for 1 week at 0, 5 and 20 ppt NaCl. Two experiments were conducted using fish from different hatcheries; the following responses were consistent for both stocks. Mortality was observed only during post-stress recovery at 0 and 20 ppt NaCl but not at 5 ppt. During recovery, blood cortisol and glucose were generally higher, whereas osmolality and blood electrolytes (Na⁺ and Cl⁻) were lower at 0 ppt than at the other salinities. A salinity of 5 ppt NaCl could not prevent the rise in cortisol and glucose levels caused by the stress of transport, but during recovery, it prevented further increases in these features and/or accelerated their return to basal levels. This salinity also helped maintain stable blood electrolyte levels. During recovery at 20 ppt NaCl, osmolality and blood ions increased, whereas plasma cortisol and glucose generally decreased. Hematocrit values were lower at 20 ppt than at the other salinities. These results suggest that freshwater is not an adequate medium for post-stress recovery and that the presence of NaCl in the water either decreases the secretion of cortisol or promotes its clearance in O. bonariensis.     

Growth performance of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata in different osmotic conditions: Implications for osmoregulation and energy metabolism

The influence of three different environmental salinities (seawater, SW: 38 ppt salinity; brackish water, BW: 12 ppt; and low salinity water, LSW: 6 ppt salinity) on the growth, osmoregulation and metabolism of young gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) was studied over a period of 100 days. 480 inmature fish (20 g mean body weight) were randomly divided into six tanks of 2500 l (80 fish per tank) and maintained under three different salinities (38 ppt, 12 ppt and 6 ppt) in an open system. Every three weeks, 10 fish from each tank were anesthetized, weighed and lenghed. At the end of experiment, 10 fish from each tank were anesthetized, weighed and sampled for plasma, brain, gill and liver. Gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity, plasma osmolality, ions (sodium and chloride), glucose, lactate, protein and triglyceride, and hepatosomatic index were examined. In addition, levels of glycogen, lactate, ATP and activities of potential regulatory enzymes (hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glycogen phosphorylase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were assesed in liver, brain, and gill. BW-acclimated fish showed a better growth with respect to SW- or LSW-acclimated fish (12 > 38 > 6 ppt). The same relationship was observed for weight gain and specific growth rate. Osmoregulatory parameters in plasma (osmolality, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels) were similar in SW- and BW-acclimated fish but significantly higher than those of LSW-acclimated fish. Gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity showed lower values in intermediate salinity (6 > 38 > 12 ppt). No changes were observed in metabolic parameters analyzed in plasma, whereas only minor changes were observed in metabolic parameters of liver, gills and brain that could be correlated with the higher growth rates observed in fish acclimated to BW, which do not allow us to attribute the best growth rate observed at 12 ppt to lower metabolic rates in that salinity.     

Physiological stress responses of Vitis vinifera L. to the fungicides fludioxonil and pyrimethanil

The effects of the fungicides fludioxonil and pyrimethanil were evaluated on grapevine leaves using in vitro-grown plantlets, fruiting cuttings, and plants grown in vineyards. In vitro, both water content and osmotic potential decreased in treated leaves. Moreover, carbohydrate accumulated, suggesting that plantlets could react to the stress through an active osmoregulation process by uptaking sugars from the medium. Besides, pyrimethanil stimulated the accumulation of proteins, whereas no significant effect was observed using fludioxonil. The cuttings exhibited similar responses than in vitro though they appeared to be more tolerant since half of the studied parameters recovered 10 days after treatment. In vineyard, both fungicides modified leaf water content and carbohydrate levels, whereas nitrogenous compounds accumulated transiently. These results suggest that in vineyard-grown plants, a strong sugar translocation from mature leaves to sink organs occurs transiently, as well as a protein synthesis and a stimulation of soil nitrogen uptake.     

干旱胁迫对苣荬菜抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质的影响

为探究野生苣荬菜(Sonchus brachyotus DC.)抗旱能力,用盆栽控制浇水模拟干旱的方法,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫下苣卖菜幼苗对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,苣荬菜叶片相对含水量逐渐降低,质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,轻度干旱胁迫下以上3种指标与对照相比差异不显著(P<0.05)。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,SOD,POD活性在重度干旱条件下稍有下降,但仍高于对照。可溶性有机渗透调节物质脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量持续上升,尤以脯氨酸上升幅度最大,重度干旱时达对照的11.06倍,表明苣荬菜有一定的抗旱能力。     

Preventing discoloration and lipid oxidation in dark muscle of yellowtail by feeding an extract prepared from mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) cultured medium

Groups of 0+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts were transferred to duplicate seawater tanks, and subjected to five different ration levels, 0% (starved), 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% (full fed). Waste feed was collected after each meal. After six weeks all groups were re-fed in excess. During the trial period body weight and length increased significantly in the 50, 75 and 100% groups, while no significant changes in body weight were observed in the 0% and 25% groups. A significant decrease in SGR was observed in the 0 and 25% groups during the first month in sea water. After re-feeding, SGR increased in all groups. All groups, except the previously starved group, showed peak SGR between weeks 6–8 and 8–12. Food restriction at 0% and 25% of full ration for a period of six weeks resulted in significant osmotic disturbances. After six weeks in sea water, plasma Cl⁻ levels were higher in the 0% group than in the other groups. Branchial Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity increased in all groups following exposure to seawater. Re-feeding caused a transient increase in branchial Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity after two weeks in the previously starved group, with a concurrent reduction in plasma Cl⁻ levels. Previous exposure to different ration levels significantly influenced growth rate and mean body size. Compensatory growth and partial size compensation was seen in the 0, 25 and 50% feed deprivation groups, whereas full size compensation was found in the 75% group.     

Growth and yield of wheat lines with differing osmoregulative capacity at high soil water deficit in seasons of varying evaporative demand

Wheat lines with differing capacities for osmoregulation were grown on a full profile of soil water at sowing in seasons of contrasting evaporative demand. Watered experiments were also included. Across seasons the relative increase in dry weight and yield associated with high osmoregulation was positively correlated with cumulative pan evaporation during the period of most rapid growth before anthesis. In experiments showing the most extreme responses to osmoregulative capacity there was no association with the overall soil water deficit at anthesis or harvest suggesting a direct effect of evaporative demand. This was further confirmed by correlations between vapour pressure deficit and leaf water potential and differences in turgor pressure. Significant differences in turgor were, in turn, associated with significant differences in dry weight. It was therefore concluded that osmoregulative effects on growth were mediated through leaf or shoot responses to leaf water stress rather than through root responses to soil water deficit, and that it was necessary to screen lines specifically for osmoregulation rather than for growth responses to soil water deficit.     

Osmoregulatory balance in Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell), affected with chronic ulcerative dermatopathy

This study examined the osmoregulatory capability of Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii, affected by chronic ulcerative dermatopathy (CUD) in intensive aquaculture. This condition appears to arise only in facilities utilizing groundwater, with the causative agent suggested to be a water-borne factor. Healthy Murray cod (~ 700 g) were transferred to a CUD-affected farm to monitor the progression of the syndrome and began to show signs of CUD after approximately five months. In order to evaluate possible effects of CUD on osmoregulation; plasma electrolyte concentrations, osmolality, and Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities were measured, and gill histology and immunohistochemistry were analyzed. Plasma electrolyte concentrations and osmolality of CUD-affected Murray cod were consistent with reference values determined for non CUD-affected fish. A greater number of gill mucous cells were observed in Murray cod cultured at the CUD-affected farm compared to non CUD-affected fish. We also found an un-identified cell type that was present solely in the gills of CUD-affected Murray cod. Gill Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity was significantly higher in severely CUD-affected Murray cod compared to individuals transferred to the CUD-affected farm. While there appeared to be some minor changes in the gills of CUD-affected fish, this study demonstrated that Murray cod were able to effectively osmoregulate, although, perhaps at an energetic cost.