Effects of fertigation scheme on N uptake and N use efficiency in cotton

While fertigation can increase fertilizer use efficiency, there is an uncertainly as to whether the fertilizer should be introduced at the beginning of the irrigation or at the end, or introduced during irrigation. Our objective was to determine the effect of different fertigation schemes on nitrogen (N) uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) in cotton plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in year 2004 and 2005. According to the application timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer solution and water (W) involved in an irrigation cycle, four nitrogen fertigation schemes [nitrogen applied at the beginning of the irrigation cycle (N-W), nitrogen applied at the end of the irrigation cycle (W-N), nitrogen applied in the middle of the irrigation cycle (W-N-W) and nitrogen applied throughout the irrigation cycle (N&W)] were employed in a completely randomized design with four replications. Cotton was grown in plastic containers with a volume of 84 l, which were filled with a clay loam soil and fertilized with 6.4 g of N per pot as unlabeled and 15N-labeled urea for 2004 and 2005, respectively. Plant total dry matter (DM) and N content in N-W was significantly higher than in N&W in both seasons, but these were not consistent for W-N and W-N-W treatments. In year 2005, a significantly higher nitrogen derived from fertilizer (NDFF) for the whole plant was found in W-N and N-W than that in W-N-W and N&W. Fertigation scheme had a consistent effect on total NUE: N-W had the highest NUE for the whole plant, but this was not significantly different from W-N. Treatments W-N and W-N-W had similar total NUE, and N&W had the lowest total NUE. After harvesting, the total residual fertilizer N in the soil was highest in W-N, lowest in N-W, but this was not significantly different from N&W and W-N-W treatments. Total residual NO3-N in the soil in N&W and W-N treatments was 20.7 and 21.2% higher than that in N W, respectively. The total 15 N recovery was not statistically significant between the four fertigation schemes. In this study, the fertigation scheme N-W (nitrogen applied at the beginning of an irrigation cycle) increased DM accumulation, N uptake and NUE of cotton. This study indicates that Nitrogen application at the beginning of an irrigation cycle has an advantage on N uptake and NUE of cotton. Therefore, NUE could be enhanced by optimizing fertilization schemes with drip irrigation.     

氮肥运筹及密度对中优752源库关系和剑叶温度的影响

以三系籼型杂交中稻中优752为材料,研究了氮肥运筹及密度对其源库关系和剑叶温度的影响。研究表明：在适宜施氮量的情况下,适当增加中后期施氮比例和适度稀植都能提高粒叶比和库源增量比、降低生育后期根系活力的衰退值,有利于源库协调。粒叶比和库源增量比与产量均显著正相关,生育后期根系活力的衰退值与产量极显著负相关。增施氮肥、增加中后期的施氮比例及适度稀植能降低剑叶温度。抽穗期及抽穗后25 d剑叶温度与产量呈极显著负相关,而抽穗期剑叶温度与抽穗期的伤流强度极显著负相关。     

节水栽培条件下冬小麦籽粒微量元素和蛋白质含量对施氮的反应

为明确节水栽培下冬小麦籽粒微量元素、蛋白质含量对施氮的响应及其调控效应,在大田限水灌溉条件下研究了施氯对高产冬小麦品种石家庄8号籽粒铁、锌、锰、铜含量、蛋白质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦一次性基施157．5kg N／ha处理的籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和铁、锌、锰、铜含量均显著高于不施氮肥处理,在基施157．5kg N／ha基础上追施氮肥,上述各指标的变化均不显著,过量施氮籽粒铁、锌、锰含量反而呈降低趋势。在本试验奢件下,冬小麦一次性基施157．5kg N／ha可以使产量、品质和资源效率得到最佳统一。     

Evaluation of N and P mass balance in paddy rice culture along Kahokugata Lake, Japan, to assess potential lake pollution

Kahokugata Lake, a closed lake, has been subject to eutrophication. This research was conducted to clarify the actual phenomena and evaluation of the discharges of N and P from paddy test fields in the lowlands into Kahokugata Lake. A comprehensive mass balance of N and P was obtained from 4 years of study. About N, the mean value of harvested unhulled rice (79.9 kg/ha) was greater than mean controlled release fertilizer inputs (56.7 kg/ha). Other inputs and outputs include N in atmospheric acid deposition (21.4 kg/ha) and N fixation–denitrification (9.2 kg/ha). The rice straw recycled after harvest was balanced by straw produced in the succeeding year. The runoff and percolation losses discharged into the lake was 11.3 kg/ha, (8.6% of total inputs). Since the rice harvested was consumed domestically, which taking out from the farmland and, therefore, nitrogen pollutant into the lake was becoming small, paddy rice at this site is considered an “anti-polluting, purifying or cleansing” crop. The P content in harvested rice (39.4 kg/ha) was balanced by fertilizer inputs (36.4 kg/ha). Previous studies examining inflow–outflow relationships without considering a comprehensive mass balance may lead to erroneous conclusions. Our findings indicate paddy rice in lowlands could be an environmentally friendly crop and can play an important role in reducing pollution of lakes, and therefore should be considered in land use planning.     

氮肥不同施肥方法对超高产水稻品种“沈农265”生理特性的影响

进行了氮肥不同施肥方法对超高产水稻品种"沈农265"主要生理性状的研究。试验结果表明:"沈农265"最佳施肥方法为施肥法A;CGR、NAR均与叶片叶绿素含量呈正相关;SLW与叶片含氮量呈显著正相关;在5个主要生育期叶氮、叶碳、叶绿素含量的最适值均与产量存在回归关系。     

甲酸对二色胡枝子青贮品质的影响

以二色胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)为青贮原料,研究甲酸添加量(0、2、4、6 mL/kg鲜重)对其青贮品质的影响,以期为二色胡枝子的有效利用提供科学依据。结果表明:随甲酸添加量的增加胡枝子青贮料中pH值和氨态氮含量以及干物质损失率均呈降低趋势,而且贮料中的水溶性糖逐渐增加;添加甲酸能显著降低青贮料中NDF和ADF的含量(P<0.05);6mL/kg甲酸组对抑制青贮发酵效果最明显,有机酸产量最低;随甲酸添加量的增加,青贮料中丁酸的含量也增加,使青贮料的发酵品质有所降低。     

土壤肥力与施氮量对小麦籽粒品质的影响

为给小麦优质栽培提供理论依据,以淮麦19和烟农19为材料,在高、中、低三种土壤肥力下研究了施氮量对小麦品质指标的影响.结果表明,在各土壤肥力水平下,小麦籽粒的容重、千粒重和出粉率均随着施氮量的增加呈下降趋势,且均与施氮量存在显著的负相关关系;籽粒蛋白质含量随施氮量增加而显著提高,但蛋白质产量与施氮量在高、中肥力下均呈二次曲线关系,在低肥力下则呈线性关系,蛋白质产量在高肥力条件下最高,在低肥力条件下最低.小麦籽粒淀粉含量及其组分在各肥力水平下均表现为随施氮量增加呈下降趋势,淀粉RVA特征值在中肥力条件下最优,在高肥力条件下最差;小麦面团流变学参数在各肥力下均表现为与施氮量呈正相关关系,并且高肥力的评价值高于中肥力和低肥力的.     

不同灌水次数和施氮量对冬小麦群体动态和产量的影响

为了明确灌水次数和施氮量对高产冬小麦群体动态和产量的影响,分别于2006-2007、2007-2008年度在保定市和藁城市用当地冬小麦推广品种河农822和石新616研究了不同灌水次数(在保证底墒基础上全生育期灌0、1、2和3水,分别用W0、W1、W2和W3表示)和施氮量(0、112.5和225 kg/ha,分别用N0、N1和N2表示)对小麦群体动态和产量的影响.结果表明,2006-2007年度灌水次数和施氮量对小麦总茎(穗)数的影响较显著.W1、W2和W3的成穗数显著高于W0,W1、W2、W3之间差异不显著.3个施氮水平间各生育时期的总茎数均差异显著,且随施氮量增加而增大.大部分生育时期不同灌水次数的LAI差异不显著,而不同施氮量的LAI差异显著,N2的LAI显著高于N1和N0.灌水次数对穗数和千粒重影响显著,施氮量对穗数和穗粒数影响显著,以致灌水次数和施氮量对小麦产量的主效应均达到显著标准.4种灌水水平的产量以W3最高,W0最低;3个施氮量中N1产量最高,N0最低.灌水次数和施氮量对小麦产量和各产量构成因素的交互作用显著,W0和W1条件下产量随施氮量增加而提高,而W2和W3条件下N1产量最高,且与N0差异显著.2007-2008年度试验中,灌水次数和施氮量对各生育时期的总茎数、LAI和产量的影响均不显著.根据本研究结果可知,在河北平原地区常年降水(小麦全生育期100 mm左右)和中等肥力条件下全生育期灌溉3次,施氮量为N 112.5～225 kg/ha以及丰水降雨年份和较高肥力条件下全生育期灌溉1或2次,相应地施氮225或112.5 kg/ha,可以分别取得较理想的产量.     

氮肥施用量及施用时期对小麦品质性状的影响

为了探明不同氮肥运筹对西南麦区小麦品质性状的影响,以小麦品种(系)R210和川农25为材料,采用2因素3水平随机区组设计研究了施氮量及施氮时期对小麦品质性状的影响.结果表明,蛋白质及其组分含量、干面筋含量、沉淀值和稳定时间、粉质质量指数均随施氮量的增加而提高.施氮时期对品质性状的影响表现为:全施底肥有利于提高沉淀值、粉质质量指数及醇溶蛋白含量;采用底肥∶三叶期肥=1∶1的方式有利于提高GMP含量;采用底肥∶三叶期肥∶孕穗期肥=5∶2∶3的方式,有利于提高干面筋的含量,降低弱化度.不同品种的优质栽培方式不同,R210以底肥∶三叶期肥∶孕穗期肥=5∶2∶3,施用纯氮18 g/m2品质最优,川农25以全施底肥,施用纯氮18 g/m2品质最优.     

缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响

采用砂培培养方法研究了缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响.结果表明:缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆根瘤的生长,表现为根瘤干重重下降,根瘤数量减少;缺磷胁迫显著降低了大豆的固氮能力,表现为根瘤吲氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量降低;缺磷胁迫降低了大豆的固氮量,固氮量随磷水平的增加而增加,随着生育时期的推进,固氮量表现为先增加后降低再增加的趋势,无磷(0μmol·L~(-1))与高磷(50 μmo·L~(-1))以及低磷(30μmol·L~(-1))与高磷处理间均达到了5%的显著差异.因此,缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆的结瘤固氮作用,使大豆的同氮效率降低.