施氮量对大棚黄瓜品质的影响

[目的]研究氮肥施用量对大棚黄瓜品质的影响。[方法]以河北省衡水市邓庄乡大棚黄瓜为试验材料,研究不同施氮条件下,黄瓜体内Vc、多糖、硝酸盐含量的变化。[结果]当施氮肥小于225kg/hm2,黄瓜体内的Vc、多糖含量随着施氮量的增加而升高,当施氮量为225kg/hm2时,Vc、多糖含量最高;过量施用氮肥会引起Vc、多糖含量的下降;硝酸盐含量和施氮量呈明显的线性关系,Y=1.502X+24.407(R2=0.9792),所测样品均未超过国家限定标准。[结论]该试验条件下最佳施氮量为225kg/hm2,过少或过量的施肥均不利于黄瓜产量和品质的形成。     

寒地水稻不同氮肥施用量试验结果汇总

对2007～2010年水稻不同氮肥施用量试验结果进行汇总,结果表明:在一定的氮肥施用量范围内随着施氮量的增加水稻产量、单株分蘖率、穗粒数、稻米垩白率、蛋白质含量均呈增加趋势;千粒重、食味值随着氮肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势.不同年际氮肥的最佳施用量受气象条件影响明显.     

堆肥过程中氮素损失的控制

概述了影响堆肥过程中氮素损失的因素,并总结了目前国内外关于堆肥氮素损失控制的方法,其中包括添加化学物质、调节堆料的C/N、加入微生物固氮、利用吸附性物质,以期为堆肥过程中有效地控制氮素损失提供理论基础和实践参考。     

Dual and Triple Intercropping: Potential Benefits for Annual Green Manure Production

Abstract

Greater species diversity in natural ecosystems increases plant biomass production and stability. Intercropping is an agricultural practice that aims to accrue the benefits of species diversity by growing two or more species simultaneously in the same space. Functional group diversity is considered important for enhancing the beneficial effects of species diversity, but most previous intercropping studies used combinations of only two functional groups. Thus, we used three green manure species from different functional groups: sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.), a C4 grass; crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.), a legume; and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a forb. We examined the effects of intercropping on biomass, nutrient uptake, and their stability using a proportional replacement series in a field experiment for three years with four trials. The aboveground biomass was higher with dual and triple-component intercrops compared with sole crops; however, there were no superior effects of triple-component intercropping over dual-component intercropping. There were also no clear advantages of intercropping in terms of the nutrient uptake amount and stability.     

不同氮磷钾组合搭配对佛手茶产量效应的影响初报

以茶叶目标产量为基础，以氮磷钾肥料不同组合搭配进行L9（3^4）正交试验，结果氮磷钾肥取2：1：1水平为最优化配方组合，处理4（A281C2）、处理6（A283C1）较接近最优化配方组合，但经经济效益分析，只有处理6（A283C1）单产582．00kg／667m^2，纯收入2973．59元／667m^2为最佳组合。由此认为在粘质红壤施肥，应以氮肥为主，配合施用速效磷肥，即尿素32．60kg／667m^2、钙镁磷66.18kg／667m^2、氯化钾7．50kg／667m^2，纯N14．996kg／667m^2，N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．75：013为最佳组合较合理。佛手茶是大叶品种，适量增施氮磷肥，有利于促进新梢的生长而提高产量.     

Bacterial community structure and microbial activity in different soils amended with biogas residues and cattle slurry

Anaerobic digestion of organic materials generates residues of differing chemical composition compared to undigested animal manures, which may affect the soil microbial ecosystem differently when used as fertilizers. This study investigated the effects of two biogas residues (BR-A and BR-B) and cattle slurry (CS) applied at rates corresponding to 70 kg NH₄⁺-N ha⁻¹ on bacterial community structure and microbial activity in three soils of different texture (a sandy, a clay and an organic clay soil). 16S rRNA genes were targeted in PCR reactions and bacterial community profiles visualized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. General microbial activity was measured as basal respiration (B-resp), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), specific growth rate (μ_SIR), metabolic quotient (qCO₂) and nitrogen mineralization capacity (NMC). Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis visualized shifts in bacterial community structure related to microbial functions. There were significant differences in bacterial community structure after 120 days of incubation (+20 °C at 70% of WHC) between non-amended (control) and amended soils, especially in the sandy soil, where CS caused a more pronounced shift than biogas residues. Terminal-restriction fragment (TRF) 307, the predominant peak in CS-amended sandy soil, was identified as possibly Bacillus or Streptococcus. TRF 226, the dominant peak in organic soil amended with BR-B, was classified as Rhodopseudomonas. B-resp significantly increased and SIR decreased in all amendments to organic soil compared with the control, potentially indicating decreased efficiency of heterotrophic microorganisms to convert organic carbon into microbial biomass. This was also reflected in an elevated qCO₂ in the organic soil. The μ_SIR level was higher in the sandy soil amended with BR-A than with BR-B or CS, indicating a shift toward species capable of rapidly utilizing glucose. NMC was significantly elevated in the clay and organic soils amended with BR-A and BR-B and in the sandy soil amended with BR-B and CS. Thus, biogas residues and cattle slurry had different effects on the bacterial community structure and microbial activity in the three soils. However, the effects of biogas residues on microbial activities were comparable in magnitude to those of cattle slurry and the bacterial community structure was less affected. Therefore, we do not see any reason not to recommend using biogas residues as fertilizers based on the results presented.     

Changes on carbohydrates and nitrogen content in the bark tissues induced by artificial chilling and its relationship with dormancy bud break in Prunus sp.

Stem cuttings of peach, nectarine, plum and apricot, obtained from 1-year-old shoots at leaf drop in autumn, were exposed at a constant 3.0 ± 0.1 °C to simulate different chilling accumulation treatments (0, 500, and 1000 chilling hours). A set of 10 excised shoots was forced to budbreak after chilling accumulation; a second set of 10 excised shoots was used to analyse sugars, starch, and ammonium-, nitric- and proteinaceous-nitrogen content in the bark tissues. Sorbitol, fructose and glucose were the main sugars in the bark tissues, whereas sucrose and rafinose showed the lowest quantities in all Prunus sp. studied. Sorbitol and starch concentration decreased whereas glucose and fructose concentration increased with chilling. Ammonium-nitrogen showed the more dramatic increase with medium chilling treatment, decreasing again at high chilling exposure. No modifications in proteinaceous- and nitric-nitrogen levels were observed due to chilling. Chilling treatments increasing flowering intensity showed high ammonium- and proteinaceous-nitrogen content in the bark tissues of the stem cuttings, whereas those reducing flowering intensity showed high starch and nitric-nitrogen content, in three of the four Prunus sp. studied. Ammonium-nitrogen content gives the highest correlation with flowering intensity.     

模拟氮沉降和收获期对秋萌东方旱麦草生长与饲用品质的影响

短命植物东方旱麦草(Eremopyrum orientale)广泛分布于新疆北部,适时萌发,有助于缓解春季饲草短缺。为探究氮沉降和收获期对秋萌东方旱麦草生长与饲用品质的影响,本试验采用人工模拟方式,设置0 kg·ha^-1·a^-1,30 kg·ha^-1·a^-1,60 kg·ha^-1·a^-13个氮添加处理和2个收获时期(拔节孕穗期和开花期),分析不同处理下秋萌东方旱麦草生长指标和饲用品质指标变化。结果表明：在30 kg·ha^-1·a^-1,60 kg·ha^-1·a^-1氮添加条件下,秋萌东方旱麦草的株高、叶长、叶宽、分蘖数、茎粗、平均地上鲜重、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均高于0 kg·ha^-1·a^-1;同时,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量降低。与第一收获期相比,第二收获期东方旱麦草粗蛋白含量显著降低,中、酸性洗涤纤维与粗脂肪含量升高,平均地上生物量无差异。综合考虑东方旱麦草秋萌株的生长与饲用品质,在第一收获期(拔节孕穗期)和60 kg·ha^-1·a^-1氮添加下可获得最优饲草,但30 kg·ha^-1·a^-1较低水平氮沉降也能显著提升其生产力与饲用品质。     

圆叶决明添加量对红壤可溶性氮及酶活性的影响

为了探明圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia)降解后红壤可溶性氮及氮水解酶活性的变化规律,本研究采用室内好气恒湿培养法,研究占红壤质量0.5%(T1),1%(T2)和2%(T3)的圆叶决明添加至红壤中,培养7~88d内红壤硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)、铵态氮(NH⁺₄-N)和可溶性有机氮(Soluble organic nitrogen,SON)及脲酶、蛋白酶和天冬酰胺酶的变化。结果表明：添加圆叶决明后,红壤NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N含量在培养前期降低,培养中期增加;而整个培养期SON含量及脲酶、蛋白酶和天冬酰胺酶活性均增加,且圆叶决明添加量越大,效果越显著。NO^-₃-N和SON含量及脲酶、蛋白酶和天冬酰胺酶活性可用2次或3次函数方程拟合;而NH⁺₄-N含量可用线性函数拟合。氮水解酶与NO^-₃-N负相关,与NH⁺₄-N和SON正相关,且相关性从大到小的顺序为蛋白酶>天冬酰胺酶>脲酶。综上,添加圆叶决明提高了红壤供氮水平和红壤氮转化能力。     

Artificially regenerating longleaf pine in canopy gaps: initial survival and growth during a year of drought

Nitrogen fertilization in the nursery, along with altering the configuration of forest gaps, may improve the reforestation success of longleaf pine seedlings. During the very droughty 1998 growing season in Florida and Georgia, survival was higher under the forest canopy than in small (0.10 ha, 36 m diameter) and large (1.6 ha, 144 m diameter) canopy gaps. In the large gaps, survival of containerized seedlings was higher along the edges, particularly the SW edge. Shade from adult trees and the nurse effect of shrubs increased survival, while grass competition reduced survival. During dry years part of the “exclusionary zone” along the edge of canopy gaps (SW sector) may serve as a “survival zone”, at least in the short term. A model using oval-shaped gaps oriented from NW to SE, with an area of 0.25 ha is proposed to maximize the survival and growth of artificially regenerated longleaf pine seedlings.